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00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 6/11/08 15:22 Page i Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity 00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 6/11/08 15:22 Page ii 00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 6/11/08 15:22 Page iii Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity Lessons from Cuba Julia Wright London • Sterling, VA 00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 7/11/08 13:24 Page iv FirstpublishedbyEarthscanintheUKandUSAin2009 Copyright©JuliaWright2009 Allrightsreserved ISBN:978-1-84407-572-0 Typesetby4wordLtd,Bristol PrintedandboundintheUKbyMPGBooks,Bodmin CoverdesignbyYvonneBooth Coverphoto:Cubanlandscape,PinardelRio©P.Kafno Forafulllistofpublicationspleasecontact: Earthscan DunstanHouse 14aStCrossSt London,EC1N8XA,UK Tel:+44(0)2078411930 Fax:+44(0)2072421474 Email:[email protected] Web:www.earthscan.co.uk 22883QuicksilverDrive,Sterling,VA20166-2012,USA EarthscanpublishesinassociationwiththeInternationalInstituteforEnvironmentand Development AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Wright,Julia. Sustainableagricultureandfoodsecurityinaneraofoilscarcity: lessonsfromCuba/JuliaWright. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-84407-572-0(hardback) 1. Sustainableagriculture--Cuba.2. Agricultureandenergy--Cuba.3. Agricultureand state–Cuba.4. Organicfarming–Cuba.5. Foodsupply–Cuba. I.Title. S477.C9W752008 338.1'87291--dc22 2008033034 ThepaperusedforthisbookisFSC-certified. FSC(theForestStewardshipCouncil)isan internationalnetworktopromoteresponsible managementoftheworld’sforests. 00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 6/11/08 15:22 Page v Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes vii Preface and Acknowledgements xi List of Acronyms and Glossary xiii 1. Cuba: Providing the Model for a Post-Petroleum Food System? 1 2. Post-Petroleum Food Systems: Transition and Change 11 3. Researching Cuba 43 4. The Historical Context: Cuban Agriculture and Food Systems 49 of the 20th Century 5. Life After the Crisis: The Rise of Urban Agriculture 81 6. From Dependency to Greater Self-reliance: Transformation of 93 the Cuban Food System 7. Cuban Food Production in the 1990s: A Patchwork of Approaches 135 8. Institutional Coping Strategies: Transition and Decentralization 169 9. Perspectives on the Mainstreaming of Local Organic Food Systems 197 10. Lessons for the Future: Cuba Ten Years On 225 Appendices 243 Index 251 00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 6/11/08 15:22 Page vi 00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 6/11/08 15:22 Page vii List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures Figure1.1 Internationalreportingonthetransformationtowardsorganic agricultureinCubainthe1990s 3 Figure3.1 Thedynamicsoflivelihoodinteractionsandtheirdriving forcesasatheoreticalframeworkforresearchinCuba 44 Figure3.2 Mapshowingthemainstudyareasacrossthreeprovincesof Cuba 45 Figure4.1 MapofCuba 50 Figure4.2 Averageannualgrowthinselectedagriculturalproduce, 1976–1989(000’t) 59 Figure4.3 Declineinannualproductionformajorcropsbetween1989 and1994 70 Figure6.1 SelectedCropProductionIndicators,1993–99 101 Figure6.2 Thevarietyofmarketdestinationsforbananaproductionin HavanaProvince 115 Figure6.3 Theinstitutionalrelationshipsoffoodsystemlinkagesin Cuba,at2000 118 Figure7.1 Areaoccupiedbyeachtypeofproductionsystem,1992 comparedwith1997(%oftotalfarmland) 139 Figure7.2 Farmeridentificationofthemaininputconstraintsto production,1999–2000(%responsefromsample) 145 Figure7.3 CopingstrategiesofoneCCSfarmerduringtheSpecial Period:continuingwithbusinessasusual 155 Figure7.4 CopingstrategiesofoneUBPCfarmduringtheSpecial Period:diversification 156 Figure7.5 Farmeridentificationofthemainsocio-economicconstraints toproduction,1999–2000(%responsefromsample) 157 Figure8.1 PlanoftheBiotechnologyResearchCentrefortheuseof GMcropsinCuba 192 Figure8.2 Coexistingindustrialandecologicalcomponentsofthe emergingagriculturalsupportsystem 194 00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 6/11/08 15:22 Page viii viii Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in an Era of Oil Scarcity Figure9.1 Theorganictransitionfordifferentdisciplines,institutions, farmersandcroppingsystems 198 Figure9.2 Farmers’perceptionsoftheimpactofthedecreasein agrochemicalavailabilityonlivelihoodaspectsoftheir cooperativesduringtheSpecialPeriod 202 Figure9.3 Farmswithandwithoutfuel:maintainingorbreakingthe synergiesthatsupportfarmcooperatives 207 Figure9.4 Thetrainofthoughtleadingtohesitancyovermainstreaming oforganicorecologicalagriculture 209 FigureA.1 Degreeofuseoforganictechniquesandinputstoimprove soilfertility 243 FigureA.2 Degreeofuseoforganictechniquesandinputstocontrol pestsanddiseases 243 FigureA.3 Degreeofuseofalternativewatermanagementand conservationtechniques 244 FigureA.4 Degreeofuseofenergy-efficientlabourtechniques 244 FigureB.1 OrganogramoftheinstitutionalstructureoftheMinistryof AgricultureandtheMinistryofSugar 246 Tables Table4.1 Mainagriculturalimportsandtheircontributiontototal nationalfoodrequirementsinCuba,bythelate1980s(%) 64 Table4.2 Lossesofmajoragriculturalimportsafterthedissolutionof theSocialistBloc 68 Table4.3 SugarexportsfromCuba,1989–93 70 Table4.4 Changesinthefoodconsumptionatlevelofmacronutrients 71 Table6.1 Selectedlivestockproductionindicators,1986–98 102 Table6.2 Participationinthesupplyofcropstothefarmers’markets, byfarmtype 114 Table7.1 Percentageoffarmersreceivingtechnicalassistanceby thematicarea 153 Table7.2 Summaryofproductionperformanceandstaffincomefor oneCPA,between1983and1998 160 Table8.1 ChangesinstaffingandstructureofMINAGHQ,comparing 1990with1998 175 Table8.2 Inputrecommendationsforsweetpotatofromtechnical instructionleafletprovidedbyMINAG,1998 179 Table8.3 Inputrecommendationsforcommercialmaizevarietiesand hybrids,fromtechnicalinstructionleafletsofagricultural researchinstitutes 180 Table8.4 Areatreatedwithbiologicalcontrolmethods,1988to1998 182 00c_Sustain_Agric_i-xvi 6/11/08 15:22 Page ix List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix Table9.1 Selectionofcontrastingopinionsontheperformanceof organicagriculturebasedonexperiencesintheSpecial Period 210 Boxes Box3.1 Maininstitutionsvisitedforfielddatacollection,atnational, provincialandmunicipallevels,inCubaduring1999–2001 46 Box4.1 SourcesofinputsusedinCubaupto1989 58 Box5.1 ObjectivesoftheNationalUrbanAgricultureProgramme, 2001 89 Box6.1 ObjectivesoftheNationalNutritionalActionPlan 97 Box6.2 ThegrowthofthePeople’sRiceProgramme 101 Box6.3 Thegrowthoffarmandhouseholdself-provisioning 107 Box6.4 Thetransportconnection 110 Box6.5 Theorganizationoffoodsupplyinonemunicipalityof HavanaCity 118 Box6.6 Hardworkingbutconstrained:foodsecuritystrategiesof José,aCCSfarmerinruraleasternCuba 121 Box6.7 Resourcefulwithremittances:foodsecuritystrategiesofthe Conejofamilylivinginaprovincialtown 122 Box6.8 Feelinginsecure:foodsecuritystrategiesoftheSanchez familyinHavanaCity 123 Box7.1 Farmertypesinrelationtoattitudetowardsagrochemical usage 143 Box7.2 TraditionalmethodsformaizeproductioninCuba,as describedbyanelderlyCPAcooperativemember 152 Box7.3 CopingstrategiesforfarmmanagementduringtheSpecial Period 154 Box7.4 Managinglarge-scaleplantationsonahumanscale:linking mantotheland 158 Box8.1 Theten-yearplanformaizeproductionofMINAG,at1999 171 Box8.2 Pioneeringlocalizedapproachestoplantbreedingandseed management 186 Box8.3 Experienceswithcertifiedorganiccitrusproduction 190 Box9.1 TheCubanorganicmovement(ACAO)anditsachievements upto1999 200 Box9.2 Perceptionsandpracticesoforganicagriculturebyapioneer farmerveteraninHavanaProvince 216 Box10.1 Theimpactsofarapidintroductionofliberalizedmarkets onagricultureandrurallivelihoodsinpost-SovietEastern Europe 228

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When other nations are forced to rethink their agricultural and food security strategies in light of the post-peak oil debate, they only have one living example to draw from: that of Cuba in the 1990s. Based on the first and - up till now - only systematic and empirical study to come out of Cuba on
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When other nations are forced to rethink their agricultural and food security strategies in light of the post-peak oil debate, they only have one living example to draw from: that of Cuba in the 1990s. Based on the first and - up till now - only systematic and empirical study to come out of Cuba on

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