Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture

606 Pages·1996·12.57 MB·English

by  L. S. Pereira

Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture
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Series E: Applied Sciences -Vol. 312
Sustainability of
Irrigated Agriculture
edited by
L. S. Pereira
Department of Agricultural Engineering,
Instituto Superior de Agronomia,
Universidade T ecnica de Lisboa,
Lisbon, Portugal
R. A. Feddes
Agricultural Engineering Department,
Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX, U.S.A.
J. R. Gilley
Department of Water Resources,
Wageningen Agricultural University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
and
8. Lesaffre
CEMAGREF,
Antony, France
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture
Vimeiro, Portugal
March 21-26, 1994
A C.i.P. Catalogue record lor this book is available lrom the Library of Congress
ISBN 978-90-481-4675-8 ISBN 978-94-015-8700-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8700-6
AII Rights Reserved
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
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permission from the copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE xi
RESEARCH AGENDA (L.S. PEREIRA, 1.R GILLEY, M.E. JENSEN,
RA. FEDDES, B. LESAFFRE) 3
PART I : SUSTAINABILITY CONCERNS IN IRRIGATED
AGRICULTURE 17
• Irrigated agriculture at the crossroads (M.E. JENSEN) 19
• Economics of irrigation (I. CARRUTHERS) 35
• Institutional questions and social challenges (H. HILL, L. TOLLEFSON) 47
• Health impacts of agricultural development (I. HESPANHOL) 61
• Vulnerability of soils under irrigation (1. PORTA, J., HERRERO) 85
• Sustainability concerns of irrigated agriculture (L.K. SMEDEMA) 97
PART II : SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND WATER
HARVESTING (OR RAINFED SYSTEMS) 105
• Sustainability of soil and water conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa
(c. REIJ, W. CRITCHLEY) 107
• Soil and water conservation in Tunisia (H. MISSAOUI) 121
• Water harvesting -past and future (D. PRINZ) 137
PART ill : ON-FARM WATER MANAGEMENT 169
• Measurement and estimation of evapotranspiration (B. ITIER) 171
• Water use efficiency (p. STEDUTO) 193
• Modeling of water flow and solute transport for irrigation and drainage
(1. C. VAN DAM and RA. FEDDES) 211
• Irrigation scheduling (D.F. HEERMANN) 233
• Irrigation scheduling in the agronomic practice (A. Y AZAR,
R KANBER, B. bZEKYCY) 251
vi
PART IV: ON-FARM IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 267
• Surface irrigation systems (L.S. PEREIRA) 269
• Sprinkler irrigation systems (lR. GILLEY) 291
• Micro-irrigation systems and fertigation (I. PAPADOPOULOS) 309
• Drainage of irrigated land (S. BOUARF A, B. LESAFFRE,
L. SMEDEMA, D. ZIMMER) 323
PART V: WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT 343
• Salinity management in irrigated agriculture (N.K. TY AGI) 345
• Use and management of saline water for irrigation towards sustainable
development (A. HAMDY) 359
• Agrochemicals and water management (R.S. KANW AR) 373
• Water and nitrate balance in irrigated soils (G. VA CHAUD, L. KENGNI,
B. NORMAND, lL. THONY) 395
• Nitrate leaching under irrigated agriculture (F. MORENO, F. CABRERA,
lM. MURILLO, lE. FERNANDEZ, E. FERNANDEZ-BOY,
lA. CA YUELA) 407
• Waste -water reuse (S. KYRITSIS) 417
PART VI: IRRIGATION SCHEME MANAGEMENT 429
• Sustainability concerns in the operation and maintenance of irrigation
systems (lA. SAGARDOY) 431
• Performance parameters for a decentralized and participatory ·,vater
administration (l CHAMBOULEYRON) 441
• Remote sensing, GIS and hydrological modelling for irrigation
management (M. MENENTI, S. AZZALI and G. d'URSO) 453
• Regulation and control in irrigation systems (l GOUSSARD) 473
• Remote control and management of irrigation delivery systems
(P. KOSUTH) 493
PART VII: CAPACITY BUILDING 513
• Role of consulting services (1. HENNESSY) 515
• Professional training requirements (l FEYEN) 529
• North-South cooperative research on sustainability of water resources
utilization in agriculture (M. CATIZZONE) 541
• Technology transfer for sustainable water resources development
(M. SMITH) 553
vii
PART VIII: REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 569
• Sustainability concerns in Asian irrigation (K. MOHT ADULLAH,
GAYLORD V. SKOGERBOE, C.M. WIJA YA RA TNA) 571
• Sustaining irrigated agriculture in China (L. CAl, Y. QIAN, D. XU) 581
• Sustainability concerns in African irrigation (F.N. GICHUKl) 589
• Assessment of impacts of irrigated agriculture: a case study
(A. POULOVASSILIS, P. KERKIDES, S. AGGELIDES, T. MIMIDES,
M. PSYHOYOU, S. ALEXANDRIS, G. KARGAS and
A. SGOUMBOPOULOU) 601
ANNEXES 615
ANNEX I: Format of the workshop 617
ANNEX II : List of papers presented to the workshop 619
ANNEX III : List of participants 623
Sponsored by:
I
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
-~-
SCIENTIFIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS DIVISION
**.
* • EUROPEAN COMMISSION
*• •• ** * DIRECTORATE GENERAL XII
FOR SCIENCE, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES -SID 3
•
CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DE HAUTES
ETUDES AGRONOMIQUES
MEDITERRANEENNES
~TA CENTRE TECHNIQUE DE COOPERATION
AGRICOLE ET RURALE
eCemagref INSTITUT FRANCAIS DE RECHERCHE POUR
L'INGENIERIE DE L'AGRICULT URE ET DE
L'ENVIRONNEMENT
JUNTA NACIONAL DE INVESTIGA<;AO
CIENTIFICA E TECNOLOGICA
UNIVERSIDADE TECNICA DE LISBOA
INSTITUTO SUPERIOR DE AGRONOMIA
DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA RURAL
IX
PREFACE
Irrigated agriculture and the use of water resources in agriculture, face the challenges
of sustainable development. Research provided recognized advances in the knowledge
of processes relative to water use by crops, soil-water-solutes interactions, as well as in
engineering and managerial tools and practices to mobilize, convey, distribute, control
and apply the water for agricultural production. However, the achievements obtained
in the users practice show the need for new developments leading to resources
conservation, control of environmental and health impacts, modernisation of
technologies and management, economic viability and social acceptance of changes.
These were the reasons to organize a NATO Advanced Research Workshop which
results are described in this book. Authors are among the leaders in the international
scene on the most significant areas of irrigated agriculture and of water resources
utilization in agriculture. The contributions cover most of the disciplines which
converge to irrigated agriculture. Besides multidisciplinarity, the different origin,
experience, background, and practice of the authors provide a wide but in-depth
analysis of the various aspects of water resources utilization in agriculture.
The papers review scientific , technical and managerial aspects, and highlight main
problems, issues and future developments. The different problems related to
sustainability are covered, including those of environmental, technical, economical,
institutional and social nature. Particularly, the advances in irrigation science and
engineering, both on-and off-farm, are dealt with. Special attention is paid to the
different components of water quality management and to the transfer of technologies
and to capacity building.
Based on the discussions held during the Workshop, a Research Agenda on
sustainability of water resources utilization in agriculture has been prepared, which is
included in this volume. The editors hope that the research priorities identified will
help the scientific and research communities to reorient innovation towards the
sustainability challenges.
To ensure coherence between the invited papers, all have been reviewed and edited,
assuring scientific soundness of the contributions. The editors thank the authors for
reviewing the papers of their colleague authors and for incorporating in their papers
the final editorial comments. The quality of this volume also results from the careful
preparation of the camera-ready manuscripts by Mrs. Maria Manuela Correia and Mrs
Sylvie Vivien-Huet. The authors also acknowledge the sponsor institutions,
appropriately identified on the next page.
L.S.P.
R.A.F.
JR.G.
B.L.
xi
RESEARCH AGENDA