Sustainability Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic

278 Pages·2021·7.685 MB·English

by  Rashmi Agrawal, Mamta Mittal, Lalit Mohan Goya (eds.)

Rashmi Agrawal
Mamta Mittal
Lalit Mohan Goyal   Editors
Sustainability
Measures
for COVID-19
Pandemic
Sustainability Measures for COVID-19 Pandemic
· ·
Rashmi Agrawal Mamta Mittal
Lalit Mohan Goyal
Editors
Sustainability Measures
for COVID-19 Pandemic
Editors
RashmiAgrawal MamtaMittal
DepartmentofComputerApplications DepartmentofComputerScience
ManavRachnaInternationalInstitute andEngineering
ofResearchandStudies G.B.PantGovernmentEngineering
Faridabad,Haryana,India College
NewDelhi,Delhi,India
LalitMohanGoyal
DepartmentofComputerEngineering
J.C.BoseUniversityofScience
andTechnology,YMCA
Faridabad,Haryana,India
ISBN978-981-16-3226-6 ISBN978-981-16-3227-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3227-3
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Preface
The pandemic resulted from the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has dramatically
affectedthesocietyandindividualsinmanywaysaroundtheworld.Whileemerging
technologies have been widely used in the past, the appearance of the COVID-19
pandemic requires the use of these technologies across many sectors. Sustainable
developmentisthebuzzwordnow.Itisthemajorresearchareaacrossthedisciplines
ofcomputerscienceandengineering,electricalengineering,andotherengineering
disciplines as well. It is a holistic approach that sustainable development is the
meansofimprovingthelifeofhumanbeings.Thereisastrongneedofmonitoring
andanalysisofpandemicsituationforsustainabilitylikeepidemicriskanalysisby
usingpatternrecognitionorthementalhealthchallengesduringthisoutbreak.This
book will focus on sustainability issues due to COVID outbreak and researcher’s
opiniontorestricttheglobalspreadofpandemicandalsohowtosurviveholistically
intheenvironment.Itwillalsodiscusstheeconomicimpactsontheworldduetothe
coronavirusoutbreak.Ithasbeenorganisedintofourteenchapters.
Chapter “Internet of Things and Web Services for Handling Pandemic Chal-
lenges”providespromisingsolutionstocombatthecoronavirusoutbreakthrough
advancedtechnologies.Tomonitor,track,andcontrolthespreadofvirusesduring
thepandemic,IoTandsimilarsensor-basedtechnologieshavebeenemployedwhich
canhandleremotelywithsupportofcloudandartificialintelligence.TheHardware
Meets Software establishes a secure remote monitoring system between patients
anddoctors,facilitatingtelehealthservicestoberendered.VariousWebserviceslike
RESTfulAPIstotrackCOVID-19includeCORD-19,deployedonVespaCloud,that
enablessearchandnavigationonOpenResearchDataset,etc.Cloud-basedservices
are employed to support remote work-from-home operations, e-commerce, retail,
health care, and entertainment segments. Another sector is the energy and utility
verticals,whichusesITservicemanagement(PaaS&SaaS)andinfrastructure(IaaS)
fordigitaltransformationduringthispandemic.
Chapter “Corona Thwack: Socio-Economic Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic
inIndia”,focusesthatthedisruptivecoronapandemiccausedIndiatowitnessadevas-
tatingcrisiscommontothewholeworld.Earthturnedintoa“globalvillage”where
eachandeverypersonofeachandeverycommunityandlocalitystrivedtowardsa
v
vi Preface
common attack of the infectious disease COVID-19. This phenomenon came as a
blowtowardsthesocialandeconomicimpetusofIndia.COVID-19scolossalwreck
pavedtowardslockdownoftheentirenationwhich,inturn,renderedasevereloss
worth billions of earnings of the government, along with, the impairment towards
employment,productionprocess,cultivation,socialorder,andmanyothernational,
economic,andsocietalissues.Thepresentstudyisanattempttowardsadiscourse
analysis of the socio-economic impact of the common corona culture caused by
coronavirusonIndia.
Chapter “Mathematical Modeling on Double Quarantine Process in the Spread
and Stability of COVID-19” formulates the transmission of COVID-19 and its
stability. In the susceptible class, pre-quarantine technique is implemented for the
individualswhohavecomefromthedisease-proneareas.Similarly,intheinfected
compartment post-quarantine technique is implemented. As per the principle of
mathematicalepidemiology,therateofchangeofeachcompartmentisexpressedin
the form of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The differential equations are
nonlinear in nature which are associated with the disease parameters, namely rate
ofnaturaldeath,deathduetoCOVID-19,immigrant’sinflux,spreadandrecovery.
Fourth-orderRunge–KuttanumericaltechniqueisusedtosolveODEs.Theglobal
stabilityisexplainedonthebasisofLyapunovfunction.Routh–Hurwitztheoremis
appliedforthebehaviourofeigenvaluestodiscussthedisease-freeequilibrium.This
investigationshowsthatthediseasewillbestableforalongrunduetoquarantine
process.
Chapter “A Study and Novel AI/ML-Based Framework to Detect COVID-19
VirusUsingSmartphoneEmbeddedSensors”presentsaframeworkbasedonsmart
phonesandartificialintelligence.Thebenefitsareincreasedproductivity,reliability,
andavailabilityofadvancedinfrastructure.Therearevarioussensorsembeddedin
thesmartphonessuchasproximitysensor,lightsensor,accelerometer,gyroscope,
andfingerprintsensorswhichhaveveryfastprocessorsandmemoryspacemakingit
easytoreadthesensorsandscantheCTimages,andthesignalmeasurementsinthe
sensorsofthesmartphonesarereadwhichscantheCTimagesforreliablediagnosis
ofthedisease.
Chapter“TransmissionModellingonCOVID-19PandemicandItsChallenges”
focuses on a proper mathematical model with its associated parameters that leads
better prediction to spread of COVID-19 virus and its future preparedness. The
authors have mainly focused on hospitalized quarantine and proposed the mathe-
maticalmodel,justifyingitspositivity.Here,boththestabilityanalysislikelocalas
well as global are discussed, which depends upon the basic reproduction number.
ThenumericalsimulationandgraphicalanalysisareanalysedbythehelpofRaunge–
Kuttamethods.Finally,theoutcomesofthemodelrepresentthatperson-to-person
contactisthemaincauseofthispandemicCOVID-19.Lastly,thismodelconcludes
that hospitalization is the best approach to reduce the infection and the fear of
pandemicsituations.
Chapter“EffectofCOVID-19PandemiconMentalHealth:AnUnder-Realized
Sociological Enigma”, discusses that the COVID-19 pandemic has vexed funda-
mentalmentalprosperitybalancein93%ofcountriesworldwidewhiletheinterest
Preface vii
foremotionalwell-beingisexpandingaspertheWHOoverview.Thisbriefreview
investigatesdownword’simpactonpsychologicalstatusintheCOVID-19pandemic
worldwide,particularlywithrespecttoIndia,basedonthedatapublishedinvarious
electronicmedia.Theauthorsalsodiscussabouttheramificationsofsocialdistancing
rehearsesandthefinancialdownturnonpsychologicalwellness,justasdifficulties
ingettingtooemotionalwell-being.
Chapter“PredictingtheCOVID-19OutspreadinAndhraPradeshUsingHybrid
DeepLearning”analysesthatCOVID-19isoneofthemajorhealthcarechallenges
around the world today, but physical detection of the COVID-19 positive patients
is time-consuming due to the limited data sources. Thus, the deep learning classi-
fiers and the blood test parameters perform a significant part in the prediction of
thediseaseand deathofCOVID-19.Theparameters likeage,gender,lacticdehy-
drogenase(LDH),lymphocytecountreporttheseverityofCOVID-19.Thefeatures
lacticdehydrogenase(LDH),C-reactiveprotein(CRP),lymphocytecountpredicts
themortalityoftheCOVID-19patientswithaccurateaccuracy.Deeplearningclas-
sifiers can detect nonlinear relationships and interactions between parameters and
explainbetterperformance.
Chapter“MentalHealthDeclineDuringCoronaVirusOutbreak”,highlightsthe
factthattheonsetoflockdowndidhaveasignificantpsychologicalimpactinIndia,
with62%ofpeopleexperiencingmoderatetoseverestress.Atamoregranularlevel,
individualswerefoundtohavebeenessentiallyaffectedregardingtheirsentiments
of nervousness, outrage/crabbiness, and dejection. It was discovered that the most
significant reason for this effect was the vulnerability of how long the pandemic
wouldlast.Thischapterfocusesonemphasizingthestresslevelsexperiencedonall
portionsofrespondents,maybeunderstudies,businesspeople,orworkingexperts,
ordinarylaypeopleandchildrenofallcategories.
Chapter“SocialChallengesandConsequencesofCOVID-19”presentsthatthe
epidemic of COVID-19 touches all fragments of the population and is especially
harmful to participants of those social groups in the most disadvantaged circum-
stancesandcontinuestohaveanemotionalimpactonthegroupofpeople,including
those living in situations of poverty, the elderly, people with disabilities, young
people,andindigenouspeople.Ifthecommunitydisasterisnotadequatelyaddressed
bypolicy,inequality,exclusion,discrimination,andglobalunemploymentwillalso
increaseoverthemediumandlongterm.Whendeveloped,robust,worldwidesocial
safeguard programmes play an enduring role in protecting workers and dropping
thepervasivenessofpovertybyservingasautomaticstabilizers.Thisisanissueof
universalhumanunity.Itisalsoimportantforthefightagainstthevirus.Nowisthe
timefortheinsecuretostepup.
Chapter “Economic Impact and Measures of Corona Regime” presents that
country-widelockdownduringCOVID-19resultedinunwanteddisruptionofglobal
demand and supply chains eventually resulting in inevitable slump of the world
economy.Severalstudiesfearthattheestimatedlosstoglobaleconomicgrowthin
2020couldbeinrangeof−4.5%to−6.0%andpossibilitiesofanyrevivalcanonly
bevisibleinthelaterpartof2021.However,therecentreappearanceofcontagious
casesinsomepartsofEuropeandtheUSAcouldfurtherweakenordelayanychances
viii Preface
ofearlyeconomicrecovery.Thereportpresentsasummaryofthefinancialimpact
causedbecauseofthepandemicandstepstakenbyvariousgovernmentstoreviveit
throughnecessaryfiscalmeasurestoboostliquidity.
Chapter “Modeling the Impact of Various Treatment and Prevention Tact’s
onCOVID-19Worldwide”comparesthatvariousmodelslikeBHRPtransmission
modelandSIRandSEIRmodelstodevelopthetacticsoftreatmentandprevention
forCOVID-19virus.Developingsuchtacticsinvolvesfullunderstandingofhowthe
virusisspreadingallovertheworld.Varioustreatmentandpreventionmethodshave
been started worldwide such as BCG vaccination, plasma therapy, antiviral drugs,
immunoboosters,etc.,todecreasethehighdeathratecausedbecauseofCOVID-19
pandemic.Withthestudyofthesemodels,theauthorshaveput-onfocusondifferent
controlfactorstounderstandtheresultsofrecoveryfromCOVID-19virus.
Chapter “Understanding Emotional Health Sustainability Amidst COVID-19
ImposedLockdown”reportsabouttheemotionalhealthduringthelockdownphases
inIndiaasacasestudy.Thisstudy’sempiricalfindingsarebaseduponeightemotions:
Anger, Anticipation, Disgust, Fear, Joy, Sadness, Surprise, and Trust. The authors
havedescribedhoweverylockdownimpactedtheemotionsamongpeopleinworst-
hitIndianstatestowardsCOVID-19casesbyanalysinghowaparticularlockdown
comestobeassociatedwithdistressandreliefanddevelopedanautomatedtoolto
pictoriallyrepresentemotions,https://emotiontrackerindia.herokuapp.com/.Under-
standingtheemotionalandmentalhealthofthemassesmakesthenationsproactive
andfuture-ready.Adoptionofsuitablesustainabilitymeasuresattherighttimemiti-
gates such crisis-like situations. Thus, this chapter puts forth an emotion analysis
mechanismusingsocialmediaandrecommendationsforupcomingemergencies.
Chapter “Industry 4.0 Technologies and Their Applications in Fighting
COVID-19” discusses the Industry 4.0 applications, methods, and case studies in
variousapplications,whichareessentialtohandlethesuddenpandemiclikeCOVID-
19.Suchsituationsdemandtherequirementofamedicalfacilityinanonlinearway
whichishardtohandlewithtraditionaldemand–supplystrategy.Thismayleadto
insufficientoccupancyofservices,etc.Thisinsufficientoccupancyleadstobiglosses
inpublichealthandlives.Thesescenarioscanbehandledbypromotingtheusageof
advancedtechnologyasasubstituteformanyservices.Inthispandemicsituation,the
manpowerrequirementcanbereplacedwithautomateddevicesandcyberphysical
systems,whichwillassistand substitutehumans inproviding thevarious services
likereal-timeassistance,observation,medication,sanitization,etc.
Chapter “Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)-Enabled TeleCOVID System
forDiagnosisofCOVID-19Patients”presentsawell-developedschemeofintegrated
computationaltactics,digital,andmechanicalmachinescapableofdistributingdata
overadefinednetworkwithoutanyhumaninterventionatanystage.Theauthorshave
developedaTeleCOVIDdiagnosticsystemformonitoringCOVID-19patientswith
bodytemperature,oxygensaturationlevel,heartrate,throat,andpatient’sbehaviour.
AWebplatformhasbeendevelopedtomonitorthepatient’ssymptoms,andasmart-
phone application is alsodeveloped and used todetect thepatient’s activities.The
accuracyoftheactivitydetectionsystemhasreached81.82%at0.82precision.The
Preface ix
overall system showed promising results for several test trials, and it is named as
InternetofMedical-EnabledTeleCOVIDSystem.
The editors are very thankful to all the members of Springer (India) Private
Limited,especiallyLoyolaD’Silva,forthegivenopportunitytoeditthisbook.
Faridabad,India RashmiAgrawal
NewDelhi,India MamtaMittal
Faridabad,India LalitMohanGoyal
Contents
Internet of Things and Web Services for Handling Pandemic
Challenges ........................................................ 1
DuddelaSaiPrashanth,JanardhanaSwamy,andShreyasSureshRao
CoronaThwack:Socio-EconomicImpactofCovid-19Pandemic
inIndia ........................................................... 21
AnuradhaBhattacharjee
Mathematical Modeling on Double Quarantine Process
intheSpreadandStabilityofCOVID-19 ............................ 37
JangyadattaBehera, AswinKumarRauta, YerraShankarRao,
andSairamPatnaik
AStudyandNovelAI/ML-BasedFrameworktoDetectCOVID-19
VirusUsingSmartphoneEmbeddedSensors ......................... 59
ManvinderSharma, BikramjitSharma, AnujKumarGupta,
DishantKhosla,SumeetGoyal,andDigvijayPandey
Transmission Modelling on COVID-19 Pandemic and Its
Challenges ........................................................ 75
BinayakDihudi, YerraShankarRao, SanjayKumarRout,
andTariniCharanPanda
Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health:
AnUnder-RealizedSociologicalEnigma ............................. 91
KunalBhattacharya, AtanuBhattacharjee,
andNongmaithemRandhoniChanu
PredictingtheCOVID-19OutspreadinAndhraPradeshUsing
HybridDeepLearning ............................................. 115
BhimavarapuUsharani
MentalHealthDeclineDuringCoronaVirusOutbreak ............... 135
BharathiSwaminathanandAnanthKumarTamilarasan
xi