Table Of ContentAuthors
Lajos Fialovszky Piter Majay
Formerly at the Geodetical Institute of the Geodetical Institute of the Budapest University
Budapest University of Technology of Technology
H-l 111 Budapest, Müegyetem rkp. 3/9. H-l 111 Budapest, Müegyetem rkp. 3/9.
1., 2., 5.2.3., 6.1.2.3. and 3.
6.1.2.4.
Gyula Holeczy L. Tamas Sandor
Geodetical Institute of the Budapest University H-l021 Budapest, Kuruclesi ut 45/a.
of Technology
13.2., 13.3.
H-l 111 Budapest, Müegyetem rkp. 3/9.
4., 5., 6. (with exception of
5.2.3., 6.1.2.3. and 6.1.2.4.)
Mrs. Ilona Staudinger
Andras Krauter Institute of Geodesy and Cartography
H-l 149 Budapest, Bosnyäk ter 5.
Geodetical Institute of the Budapest University
11., 12.2.
of Technology
H—1 111 Budapest, Müegyetem rkp. 3/9.
8., 9., 10.
Peter Valko
Tibor Lukacs
Formerly at the Department of Electronic
Institute of Geodesy, Cartography and Remote Instruments of the Budapest University of
Sensing Technology
H-1051 Budapest, Guszev u. 19. H-l521 Budapest, Goldmann Gy. ter 3.
12.1., 13.1., 14. 7.
Reviewers
L. Fialovszky (4—6., 8—12. 14.) A. Krauter (7.)
Gy. Holeczy (5.2.3., 6.1.2.3., 6.1.2.4.) A. Lisziewicz (1.)
I. Joo (2.) L. Miskolczy (3.)
I. Kardos (13.)
Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 62
Surveying Instruments
and their
Operational Principles
Editor-in-Chief
Lajos Fialovszky
Associate Editor
Gyula Holeczy
Elsevier
Amsterdam-Oxford-New York-Tokyo 1991
This book is the revised and enlarged version of
GEODEZIAI MÜSZEREK, edited by L. Fialovszky
Müszaki Könyvkiado, Budapest
Translation by
Gv. Derne (I.)
J. Verö (2.3., 2.4., 2.5., 11., 12., 13., 14.2.)
Ä. Wallner (2.1., 2.2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 14.1.)
General revision of the English translation by
Professor Alwyn Robbins, Oxford
Joint edition published by
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
and
Akademiai Kiado es Nyomda Vällalat, Budapest, Hungary
The distribution of this book is being handled by the following publishers
for the U.S.A. and Canada
Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc.
655 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, New York 10010, U.S.A.
for the European countries, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic
of Cuba, Socialist Republic of Vietnam and People's Republic of Mongolia
Kultura Hungarian Foreign Trading Co., P.O.Box 149, H-1389
Budapest, Hungary
for all remaining areas
Elsevier Science Publishers
Sara Burgerhartstraat 25,
P.O.Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Geodeziai müszerek. English.
Surveying instruments and their operational principles / edited by
Lajos Fialovszky; [translation by Gy. Derne, J. Verö, Ä. Wallner; general revision of the English
translation by Alwyn Robbins].
p. cm.
Rev. and enlarged translation of: Geodeziai müszerek.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-444-98829-7 (U.S.)
1.Geodesy-Instruments. 2. Surveying-Instruments. 3. Optical instruments . I. Fialovszky, Lajos. II.
Title.
QB328.A1G4613 1990
526'. l'028-dc20 89-17035
CIP
TSBN 0-444-98829-7 (Vol. 62)
Printed in Hungary by Akademiai Nyomda, Budapest
© L. Fialovszky-Gy. Holeczy, 1991
© English translation - Gy. Deme-J. Verö-Ä. Wallner, 1991
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted or translated into
machine language without the written permission of the copyright owner.
Further titles in this series
1. G. Sanglerat — The Penetrometer and Soil Exploration
2. Q. Zäruba and V. Mencl — Landslides and their Control
3. Ε. E. Wahlstrom — Tunneling in Rock
4. R. Silvester — Coastal Engineering, 1 and 2
5. R. N. Yong and B. P. Warkentin — Soil Properties and Behaviour
6. Ε. E. Wahlstrom — Dams, Dam Foundations, and Reservoir Sites
7. W. F. Chen — Limit Analysis and Soil Plasticity
8. L. N. Person — Rock Dynamics and Geophysical Exploration
Introduction to Stress Waves in Rocks
9. M. D. Gidigasu — Latente Soil Engineering
10. Q. Zäruba and V. Mencl — Engineering Geology
11. Η. K. Gupta and Β. K. Rastogi — Dams and Earthquakes
12. F. H. Chen — Foundations on Expansive Soils
13. L. Hobst and J. Zajic — Anchoring in Rock
14. B. Voight (Editor) — Rockslides and Avalanches, 1 and 2
15. C. Lomnitz and E. Rosenblueth (Editor) — Seismic Risk and Engineering Decisions
16. C. A Baar — Applied $alt-Rock Mechanics, 1
The In-Situ Behavior of Salt Rocks
17- A. P. S. Selvadurai — Elastic Analysis of Soil-Foundation Interaction
18. J. Feda — Stress in Subsoil and Methods of Final Settlement Calculation
19. A. Kezdi — Stabilized Earth Roads
20. E. W. Brand and R. P. Brenner (Editors) — Soft-Clay Engineering
21. A. Myslivec and Z. Kysela — The Bearing Capacity of Building Foundations
22. R. N. Chowdhury — Slope Analysis
23. P. Bruun — Stability of Tidal Inlets
Theory and Engineering
24. Z. Bazant — Methods of Foundation Engineering
25. A. Kezdi — Soil Physics
Selected Topics
26. H. L. Jessberger (Editor) — Ground Freezing
27. D. Stephenson — Rockfill in Hydraulic Engineering
28. P. E. Frivik, N. Janbu, R. Saetersdal and L. I. Finborud (Editors) — Ground Freezing 1980
29. P. Peter — Canals and River Levees
30. J. Feda — Mechanics of Particulate Materials
The Principles
31. Q. Zäruba and V. Mencl — Landslides and their Control
Second, completely revised edition
32. I. W. Farmer (Editor) — Strata Mechanics
33. L. Hobst and J. Zajic — Anchoring in Rock and Soil
Second, completely revised edition
34. G. Sanglerat, G. Olivari and B. Cambou — Practical Problems in Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, 1 and 2
35. L. Rethäti — Groundwater in Civil Engineering
36. S. S. Vyalov — Rheological Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics
37. P. Bruun (Editor) — Design and Construction of Mounds for Breakwaters and Coastal
Protection
38. W. K. Chen and G. Y. Baladi — Soil Plasticity
Theory and Implementation
39. Ε. T. Hanrahan — The Geotechnics of Real Materials
The e, e Method
g k
40. J. Aldorf and Κ. Exner — Mine Openings
Stability and Support
41. J. E. Gillott — Clay in Engineering Geology
42. A. S. Cakmak (Editor) — Soil Dynamics and Liquefaction
43. A. S. Cakmak (Editor) — Soil-Structure Interaction
44. A. S. Cakmak (Editor) — Ground Motion and Engineering Seismology
45. A. S. Cakmak (Editor) — Structures, Underground Structures, Dams and Stochastic
Methods
46. L. Rethäti — Probabilistic Solutions in Geotechnics
47. Β. M. Das — Theoretical Foundation Engineering
48. W. Derski, R. Izbicki, I. Kisiel and Z. Mroz — Rock and Soil Mechanics
49. T. Ariman, H. Hamada, A. C. Singhai, M. A. Haroun and A. S. Cakmak.(Editors) —
Recent Advances in Lifeline Earthquake Engineering
50. Β. M. Das — Earth Anchors
51. K. Thiel — Rock Mechanics in Hydroengineering
52. W. F. Chen and X. L. Liu — Limit Analysis in Soil Mechanics
Second, completely revised edition
53. W. F. Chen and E. Mizuno — Nonlinear Analysis in Soil Mechanics
54. F. H. Chen — Foundations on Expansive Soils
Second, completely revised edition
55. J. Verfel — Rock Grouting and Diaphragm Wall Construction
56. Β. N. Whittaker and D. J. Reddish — Subsidence
Occurrence, Prediction and Control
57. E. Nonveiller — Grouting
Theory and Practice
58. V. Kolär and I. Nemec — Modelling of Soil-Structure Interaction
59A. R. S. Sinha — Underground Structures
Design and Instrumentation
59B. R. S. Sinha and L. Özdemir — Underground Structures
Instrumentation and Constructions
60. R. L. Harlan, Κ. E. Kolm and E. D. Gutentag — Water-Well Design and Construction
61. I. Kazda — Finite Element Techniques in Groundwater Flow Studies
with Applications in Hydraulic and Geotechnical Engineering
62. L. Fialovszky — Surveying Instruments and their Operational Principles
Professor Lajos Fialovszky
1898-1987
Professor Fialovszky died two weeks after the final version of this manuscript was received by the publishers.
Professor Lajos Fialovszky died in Budapest on 17th March 1987, in his 89th year. He
was born on 18th November 1898 in Nagybecskerek, Hungary (now part of Yugoslavia), the
fourth of six children. His father was a surgeon and specialist in internal medicine. He took
part in the First World War as an officer in the Hungarian Army, and he was awarded several
honours for his exemplary service. After the war he was employed as an official in charge of
ballistics in the Institute of Military Engineering, Budapest, and in 1932 earned a diploma in
engineering at the Budapest University of Technology.
In the late thirties he served as a field officer in warfare technology. First he was a department
manager in the Ministry of Industrial Affairs, later becoming director of the Precision
Machine Tool Factory. After Hungary entered the war allied with Germany, his opposition to
the official pro-Nazi policy resulted in him spending 11 months in a military prison for political
offenders.
In 1945 his service with the newly formed Hungarian People's Army began, and after his
official rehabilitation he was promoted to colonel, and soon appointed deputy commander in
the Institute of Military Engineering. While this represented the climax of a military career
spanning 30 years, after which many others may have chosen an honorable retirement, he
began at the age of 50 his second career, this time in the sphere of civil life.
From 1949 he directed a research group as a constructive engineer, first at the Gamma
Optical Works, and then at the Hungarian Optical Works (MOM, Budapest) where he
successfully initiated the re-start and modernization of design and manufacture of geodetic
instruments in Hungary. Several geodetic instruments of his design were awarded patent rights
in both Hungary and abroad. His work and life was interrupted in 1957 after the failure of
the People's Uprising, when he spent five months in prison. Except for this, for over 20 years,
until his retirement, he played an important role in the planning and production of Hungarian
surveying instruments, in addition to which he was responsible for the introduction of studies
in geodetic instrument science in university departments of Geometer Engineering.
In 1951 Lajos Fialovszky received the degree of Technical Doctor in physics, geodesy and
mathematics at the Budapest University of Technology for his work on "Mean errors of point
connections, sensitivity and light-loss of optical systems".
In 1955 he obtained the degree of "Candidate of Technical Sciences" in surveying instruments
theory from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The subject of his dissertation was 'Optimal
planning of anallactical telescopes". His rapid progress in science resulted in a successful
defence of his thesis "Automatic planning of optical systems" for the academic degree of
Doctor of Technical Sciences (the highest scientific degree in Hungary) in geodesy and optics
in 1961. In 1968, his scientific — and third — career of some 20 years was crowned with the
award of the title of university professor from the Budapest University of Technology.
At the age of 72, despite being formally retired, he continued his active scientific work in
the Geodetical Institute of the Budapest University of Technology and at the Department of
Astronomy of the Eötvös Loränd University. He contributed to the international research
χ
effort in determining more precisely the gravity constant*, and his collaboration with
Hungarian and Soviet scientists was widely acknowledged. His broad intellectual ability was
demonstrated by the fact that, at the age of 85, he began work in the field of space research.
His last essay, "Relative motion of a free masspoint in a spacecraft revolving around the
Earth", was published in Hungarian and English**, as well as in Russian. In appreciation of
his outstanding life's work he was awarded a gold medal by the Government — on the
recommendation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences — on the occasion of his 85th birthday.
Professor Lajos Fialovszky was a member of the Presidium of the Hungarian Society for
Geodesy, the Hungarian Society for Optics, Precision Engineering and Acoustics, the
Hungarian "Eötvös Lorand" Society of Physics, and associate member of the Polish Geodetic
Society.
His intellectual legacy is in all 73 scientific works — among these books — in optics,
precision engineering, geodesy, geophysics and astronomy, published in Hungary, in Germany,
in England, in the USA, in Poland and in the Soviet Union. His surviving family includes his
wife, two children and five grandchildren.
The preparation of this English edition of his book was his very last project.
* See, e.g., L. Fialovszky: Nonlinear effects in the Eötvös method of the determination of the gravity
constant. In: The constant of gravitation, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1979, pp. 221-245.
** L. Fialovszky, Acta Geod., Geophys. et Mont. (Akademiai Kiado, Budapest), 18/4, 1983.
Preface
The development of surveying and geodesy as one of the most ancient branches
of Earth sciences is closely connected with the development of surveying instruments.
It is correct to state — especially in recent decades — that the appearance of new
surveying instruments and the development of earlier types influenced and continues
to influence the ever increasing tasks of surveying and the development of methods
and procedures used.
The reciprocal statement is also true. The rapid development of the natural sciences,
especially of physics and of technology, continuously gives rise to new demands, tasks
and requirements for surveying. In order to solve these problems, new instruments
utilizing recent developments in the natural sciences are needed, as well as a general
updating of existing instruments. This situation can be summarized by stating that
the theory and practice of the science of surveying on the one hand, and surveying
instruments on the other, are in continuous interaction with each other.
The consequence of the ever increasing range of surveying instruments has been
that the widening field of knowledge in this area has been separated from the main
body of surveying, in the strictest sense, at a great number of universities and high
schools, and surveying instruments has been introduced as an independent discipline.
The first edition of this book in Hungarian in 1979 met with great interest among
Hungarian surveyors, going out of print within a few weeks. Interest in the publication
of the book in a world-wide language was reported from other countries. This demand
should be met by the present (revised) edition which takes into account both valuable
comments and proposals from Hungarian readers and the most recent developments
in surveying. These developments have taken place both in traditional opto
mechanical instruments and — perhaps even more importantly — in the field of
electronic instruments.
Due to the wide variety of surveying instruments this book discusses only the
constructional principles of instruments necessary for the most general tasks of
surveying, and describes some representative types. Even within this more restricted
field some focuses were found. Older types of instrument already out of use, or used
only exceptionally, are described in broad outline, mentioning basic principles,
methods of testing and possibilities for their modernization. New categories of
instruments (gyroscopes, compensation levelling instruments, electronic theodolites,
distance meters and tacheometers) are dealt with in more detail. Care has been taken
to include the automatization which is rapidly spreading in all fields of instrument
manufacture, being necessary to reduce manual operations. This automatization
2*
2 Preface
appears in field work, in recording and interpreting measurement results and in map
construction.
The book has three parts. Part I (Chapters 1 to 6) deals with the principles and
constructional details of the different types of opto-mechanical field surveying
instruments (angle measuring instruments, height measuring instruments, precise
projection instruments, distance meters and tacheometers), and it also gives methods
for testing them. The base for this part is Chapter 1, dealing with principles of optics
and optical elements and including also elements of lasers. Part II (Chapters 7 to 10)
describes electronic surveying instruments which are in rapid development. This part
is based on Chapter 7, which deals with basic principles and the elements of electronics.
Part III (Chapters 11 to 14) describes instruments and tools for the processing of
field measurements.
The authors of the book are specialists in different fields of surveying instruments.
Their aim was to ensure the most correct treatment possible of the wide range of
knowledge presented.
The aim of the present volume is to describe and discuss instruments for surveying,
their constructional and operational characteristics and their evaluation and testing,
firstly for builders, architects and technicians, but further for teachers of surveying
in order to help them to solve surveying tasks, to choose the correct types of
instrument and to understand their proper use. In addition to the above, however,
as a result of long experience in the use of surveying instruments, the authors endeavour
to express ideas about the further development and trends to be followed in this area,
thus to assist the development and construction of different kinds of instruments. We
believe that these ideas will also be useful as a guide to the professional manufacturers.
We have to thank the Publishing House and Printing Office of the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences which took over the task of publication on realizing the need
to have the present volume in English.
Last but not least, we would like to thank to those firms who kindly sent us
valuable photos and other materials for the book.
L. Fialovszky
