Table Of ContentJohn Walker · Joseph L. Awange
Surveying for
Civil and Mine
Engineers
Theory, Workshops, and Practicals
Surveying for Civil and Mine Engineers
John Walker Joseph L. Awange
(cid:129)
Surveying for Civil and Mine
Engineers
Theory, Workshops, and Practicals
123
JohnWalker JosephL. Awange
Department ofSpatial Science Department ofSpatial Science
Curtin University Curtin University
Bentley, Perth,WA Bentley, Perth,WA
Australia Australia
ISBN978-3-319-53128-1 ISBN978-3-319-53129-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53129-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017936693
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis
concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction
on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic
adaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand
regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved
tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,
expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
This book is dedicated to all civil and mine engineering students
(past and present) of Curtin University, Australia
Foreword
I am pleased to present a foreword to this book, aimed at explaining surveying methods and
practices to Civil and Mining Engineers. The authors have made a sharp distinction between
engineering surveying, a profession in its own right, and the surveying knowledge require-
ments expected of Civil and Mining Engineers. The book is the result of close cooperation
between the Departments of Civil Engineering, Mining Engineering, and Spatial Sciences at
Curtin University and the University of Western Australia; the course has been presented to
undergraduate and postgraduate students over a ten-year period.
Throughtheoryandpractice,usinglecturematerial,workshopsandpracticalexercises,the
half-semester course provides the Civil and Mining Engineer with an understanding of sur-
veying,enablinganinformeddiscussionwithsurveyors.Additionallythecoursepromotesand
examines practical skills that will enable a Civil or Mining Engineer to perform simple,
inexpensive, survey tasks that should be part of an engineer’s skill set. The survey ability is
also expected by many Civil and Mining Engineering associations, and the course can be
proffered by tertiary institutes as an example to professional accreditation bodies.
As Mine Managers, graduate Mining Engineers have a particular responsibility for all
surveying on a mine site. This book aims at giving them the ability to examine survey
planning and to understand the presented survey result, again through general theoretical
knowledge and targeted practical workshops and exercises.
Theory moves from basic plane surveying to geodetic surveying principals, and includes
erroranalysis,coordinatetransformationandexamplesofleastsquaresadjustments.Withthe
increasingsophisticationandprecisionofsurveyequipmentandmethods,theengineerhasto
haveacorrespondingappreciationofmethodologiesandresults.Theabilitytomovebetween
local coordinate and national grid systems is fundamental to large-scale engineering projects.
Fivepracticalexercises,focusonbasicmanipulativeskillsetsandtakethestudentthrough
differential levelling to 3D plane surveying, including coordinate set-out. Corresponding
reduction and data interpretation allows the production of earthworks plans and the deter-
mination of quantities. DEM production; survey control design and coordinate adjustment
illustratetasksonasmallengineeringsite.Apracticalexaminationincorporatescircularcurve
calculation, set-out and quality assurance. The capabilities and limitations of hand-held GPS
vii
viii Foreword
receivers in Civil and Mining Engineering are also contrasted with a generous chapter on
modern GNSS techniques.
Someofthechaptersincludeinformationthatismissingfromstandardsurveytexts;strike
anddipanalysisfromasurveypointofview.Calculatinginclinedanglesinmining.Methods
of volume determination in road embankments and open pit mines. Circular and transition
curves, and superelevation related to a local (Australian) context. Vertical curves related to
roaddesignstandards.Manyofthesolvedproblemsarecalculatedingreatdetail,allowingthe
student to use a “follow me” approach to reaching a result.
All calculations can be carried out on simple, non-programmable calculators. Examples
oftheuseofconformalcoordinatetransformationtechniquesareexpandedfromthecalculator
to spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel) and numerical computing environments (Mathworks
MATLAB). Matrix solutions of over-determined resection and trilateration problems are
illustrated by example.
The“handson”approachtothecourseisdesignedtoprovideCivilandMiningEngineers
with a knowledge and understanding of surveying techniques that can be applied in discus-
sions with professional surveyors. And allow them to carry out standard survey tasks with
confidence.
Prof. Hamid Nikraz FIE (Aust), CPEng, NPER
Professor of Civil Engineering, Curtin University
Perth, Australia
Preface
What’s it all about?
Thestructureofthisbookistoprovideasequenceoftheory,workshopsandfieldpractical
sessionsthatmimicasimplesurveyproject,designedforcivilandmineengineers.Theformat
of the book is based on a number of years of experience gained in presenting the course at
undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The course is designed to guide engineers through
surveyingtasksthattheengineeringindustryfeelsisnecessaryforstudentstohaveinorderto
demonstrate competency in surveying techniques such as; data gathering and reduction, and
reportpresentation.Thecourseisnotdesignedtomakeengineersbecomesurveyors,rather,itis
designedtoallowanappreciationofthecivilandmineengineeringsurveyor’sjob.Thereare
many excellent textbooks available on the subject of civil engineering surveying, but they
addressthesurveyor,nottheengineer.Hopefullythisbookwilldistilmanypartsofthestandard
text book. A lot of the material presented is scattered through very disparate sources and has
been gathered into this book to show what techniques lie behind a surveyor’s repertoire of
observationalandcomputationalskills,andprovideanunderstandingofthedecisionsmadein
termsofthepresentationofresults.Thecoursehasbeendesignedtorunoverabout6weeksofa
semester,providingahalfunitloadwhichcomplementsacomputer-aideddesign(CAD)based
designproject.The following isan exampleof a generic course structure.
The Civil Engineer. A role in ambitious construction projects
http://courses.curtin.edu.au/course_overview/undergraduate/civil-engineering
Civil engineers design and construct infrastructure such as:
(cid:129) bridges
(cid:129) roads
(cid:129) harbours
(cid:129) highways
(cid:129) dams
(cid:129) buildings.
Asabuiltenvironmentbecomesincreasinglycomplicated,ambitiousconstructionprojects
are completed by teams of people with different skills, working together. The civil engineer
plays an important role in this process.
The Mining Engineer. A stepping stone to Mine Management
http://courses.curtin.edu.au/course_overview/undergraduate/mining-engineering
Mining engineers plan and direct the engineering aspects of extracting mineral resources
from the earth.
Mining engineers plan and manage operations to exploit minerals from underground or
open-pit mines, safely and efficiently. They design and direct mining operations and infra-
structure including:
(cid:129) drilling
(cid:129) blasting
ix
x Preface
(cid:129) loading and hauling
(cid:129) tunnel creation and maintenance
(cid:129) access road planning and maintenance
(cid:129) water and power supplies.
Mining engineers may supervise other engineers, surveyors, geologists, scientists and
technicians working on a mine site and may find employment in metropolitan or regional
locations or in different countries.
The tasks with which a mining engineer may be associated include:
(cid:129) conductinvestigationsofmineraldepositsandundertakeevaluationsincollaborationwith
geologists,otherearthscientistsandeconomiststodeterminewhetherthemineraldeposits
can be mined profitably
(cid:129) determinethemostsuitablemethodofminingthemineralstakingintoaccountfactorssuch
as the depth and characteristics of the deposit and its surroundings
(cid:129) preparethelayoutoftheminedevelopmentandtheprocedurebywhichthemineralsareto
be mined
(cid:129) prepareplansformines,including tunnelsandshaftsforundergroundoperations,andpits
and haulage roads for open-cut operations, using computer-aided design (CAD) packages
(cid:129) plan and coordinate the employment of mining staff and equipment with regard to effi-
ciency, safety and environmental conditions
(cid:129) talk to geologists and other engineers about the design, selection and provision of
machines,facilities andsystemsformining,aswellasinfrastructuresuchasaccessroads,
water and power supplies
(cid:129) coordinate with the operations supervisor to make sure there is proper implementation
of the plans
(cid:129) operatecomputerstoassistwithcalculations,prepareestimatesonthecostoftheoperation
and control expenditure when mines begin production
(cid:129) oversee the construction of the mine and the installation of the plant machinery and
equipment
(cid:129) make sure that mining regulations are observed, including the proper use and care of
explosives, and the correct ventilation to allow the removal of dust and gases
(cid:129) conduct research aimed at improving efficiency and safety in mines
(cid:129) establish first aid and emergency services facilities at the mines.
In broader terms a qualification in engineering is a prerequisite to an advancement in
engineering management. For mining engineers in Western Australia it is a statutory
requirement proscribed by Act and regulation (the Mining Act). For civil engineers
advancement in management depends on demonstrated competencies in a number of fields;
investigation, design, analysis, costing, quantity surveying, tender documentation and pre-
sentation, project coordination and management, project delivery, safety and human resource
management.
Essentially, engineering is about management of the project and the resulting built envir-
onment,abouttheintegrationofdiversegroupsofskilledprofessionalstoachieveacommon
goal.
Then, “Why Surveying?”
Youwillhaveateamofsurveyorsintimatelyinvolvedincontrollingtheplacementofyour
design. They ensure not only adherence to the design dimensions, but also, through licences
surveyors, ensure the legal location of the project in terms of cadastral boundaries.
Encroachment on another property is an expensive business.
So, “Why Me? Won’t the Surveyor do it?”
Preface xi
Yes,but,sometimesyoumayneedtodoasimpletaskonasmalljob;checkaninvertlevel
before a pour, understand the origin of survey data, calculate rough quantities, understand
quantitiesbeforesigningoffoninvoices,evaluateproposedsurveycontrolforaproject,check
structuralsetout.Allthelittlethingsthatyourindustryexpectsyoutobeabletodointhefield.
Asprojectsbecomelargerandmorecomplex;assurveyingbecomesmoreautomatedboth
in the field and in the design process; as machine control relies on both terrestrial data and
GNSS (GPS) data, the need for basic surveying techniques seems a distant memory. It’s not,
youstillhavetounderstandthebasics,andunderstandpositioningfromawholenewspectrum
of positional precision and accuracy.
Hopefully you will find this course provides that understanding.
John Walker
Curtin University (Australia)
Joseph L. Awange
Curtin University (Australia), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (Germany), Kyoto University (Japan) and Federal
University of Pernambuco (Brazil)
