SURVEYING FOR CIVIL AND MINE ENGINEERS acquire the skills in weeks.

434 Pages·2020·12.979 MB·English

by  JOHN AWANGE JOSEPH WALKER

John Walker
Joseph Awange
Surveying
for Civil and
Mine Engineers
Acquire the Skills in Weeks
Second Edition
Surveying for Civil and Mine Engineers
John Walker (cid:129) Joseph Awange
Surveying for Civil and Mine
Engineers
Acquire the Skills in Weeks
Second Edition
123
JohnWalker JosephAwange
Department ofSpatial Sciences Schoolof EarthandPlanetary Sciences
Curtin University Spatial Sciences Spatial Sciences
Bentley, WA,Australia Curtin University
Bentley, WA,Australia
ISBN978-3-030-45802-7 ISBN978-3-030-45803-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45803-4
1stedition:©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2018
2ndedition:©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020
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This book is dedicated to all civil and mine engineering students
(past and present) of Curtin University, Australia.
Foreword
I am pleased to present a foreword to this book, aimed at explaining surveying methods and
practices to Civil and Mining Engineers. The authors have made a sharp distinction between
engineering surveying, a profession in its own right, and the surveying knowledge require-
ments expected of Civil and Mining Engineers. The book is the result of close cooperation
between the Departments of Civil Engineering, Mining Engineering, and Spatial Sciences at
Curtin University and the University of Western Australia; the course has been presented to
undergraduate and postgraduate students over a ten year period.
Throughtheoryandpractice,usinglecturematerial,workshopsandpracticalexercises,the
half semester course provides the Civil and Mining Engineer with an understanding of sur-
veying,enablinganinformeddiscussionwithsurveyors.Additionallythecoursepromotesand
examines practical skills that will enable a Civil or Mining Engineer to perform simple,
inexpensive, survey tasks that should be part of an engineer’s skill set. The survey ability is
also expected by many Civil and Mining Engineering associations, and the course can be
proffered by tertiary institutes as an example to professional accreditation bodies.
As Mine Managers, graduate Mining Engineers have a particular responsibility for all
surveying on a mine site. This book aims at giving them the ability to examine survey
planning and to understand the presented survey result, again through general theoretical
knowledge and targeted practical workshops and exercises.
Theory moves from basic plane surveying, through to geodetic surveying principals, and
includes error analysis, coordinate transformation and examples of least squares adjustments.
With the increasing sophistication and precision of survey equipment and methods, the
Engineerhastohaveacorrespondingappreciationofmethodologiesandresults.Theabilityto
move between local coordinate and national grid systems is fundamental to large scale
engineering projects.
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viii Foreword
Fivepractical exercisesfocusonbasicmanipulativeskillsetsandtakethestudentthrough
differential levelling to plane 3D surveying, including coordinate set-out. Corresponding
reduction and data interpretation allows the production of earthworks plans and the deter-
mination of quantities. DEM production; survey control design and coordinate adjustment
illustratetasksonasmallengineeringsite.Apracticalexaminationincorporatescircularcurve
calculation, set-out and quality assurance. The capabilities and limitations of hand-held GPS
receivers in Civil and Mining Engineering are also contrasted with a generous chapter on
modern GNSS techniques.
Someofthechaptersincludeinformationthatismissingfromstandardsurveytexts;strike
anddipanalysisfromasurveypointofview.Calculatinginclinedanglesinmining.Methods
of volume determination in road embankments and open pit mines. Circular and transition
curves, and superelevation related to a local (Australian) context. Vertical curves related to
roaddesignstandards.Manyofthesolvedproblemsarecalculatedingreatdetail,allowingthe
student to use a “follow me” approach to reaching a result.
All calculations can be carried out on simple, non-programmable calculators. Examples
oftheuseofconformalcoordinatetransformationtechniquesareexpandedfromthecalculator
to spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel) and numerical computing environments (Mathworks
MATLAB). Matrix solutions of over-determined resection and trilateration problems are
illustrated by example.
The“handson”approachtothecourseisdesignedtoprovideCivilandMiningEngineers
with a knowledge and understanding of surveying techniques that can be applied in discus-
sions with professional surveyors. And allow them to carry out standard survey tasks with
confidence.
Prof. Hamid Nikraz (FIE(Aust) CPEng NPER)
Professor of Civil Engineering Curtin University
Perth, Australia
Acknowledgements
Joseph wishes to express his sincere thanks to Professors Bernhard Heck and Hansjoerg
Kutterer of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT, Germany) for hosting him during the
period of his Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship (June–September 2019) and Prof. Herick
OthienoofMasenoUniversity(Kenya)forhostinghimduringDecember2019–January2020.
Partsofthisbookwerewrittenduringtheseperiods.HeisalsogratefultoProf.IanFitzsimons
(Head of School, Earth and Planetary Sciences-EPS, Curtin University, Australia) for the
support and motivation that enabled the preparation of this edition. He also wishes to
acknowledgethesupportofAlexandervonHumboldtthatfacilitatedhisstayatKIT.Toall,he
says, “ahsante sana” (Swahili for thank you very much). Special thanks go to his family,
namely Mrs Naomi Awange, Lucy Awange and Ruth Awange who had to contend with his
long periods of absence from home.
John wishes to thank Joseph with whom he has taught engineering surveying to civil and
mine engineering students for over a decade for the opportunity to be introduced to his
publisher, Springer Nature, which has brought this book tofruition. We perceived a “gap” in
availableliteraturethatwouldallowahalfsemesterunittoprovideapermanentrecordforthe
engineer’sbookshelf.Theresultisacompilationoflecturenotes,workshoppresentationsand
field practical exercises in to an expanded presentation of surveying techniques at the
undergraduate level.
JohnalsowishestothanktheDisciplineofSpatialScienceswithintheschoolofEPSandthe
DisciplineofCivilEngineeringwithintheSchoolofCivilandMechanicalEngineeringatCurtin
UniversityfortheopportunitytoengagewithundergraduatesatCurtinoverthelast20years.
ix
Preface

What’s it all about?
The structure of this book is to provide a sequence of theory, workshops and field practical
sessions that mimic a simple survey project, designed for civil and mine engineers. The format
of the book is based on a number of years of experience gained in presenting the course at
undergraduate and post graduate levels. The course is designed to guide engineers through sur-
veying tasks that the engineering industry feels is necessary for students to have in order to
demonstrate competency in surveying techniques such as; data gathering and reduction, and
report presentation. The course is not designed to make engineers become surveyors, rather, it
is designed to allow an appreciation of the civil and mine engineering surveyor’s job. There are
many excellent textbooks available on the subject of civil engineering surveying, but they ad-
dress the surveyor, not the engineer. Hopefully this book will distil many parts of the standard
textbook. A lot of the material presented is scattered through very disparate sources and has
been gathered into this book to show what techniques lie behind a surveyor’s repertoire of ob-
servational and computational skills, and provide an understanding of the decisions made in
terms of the presentation of results. The course has been designed to run over about 6 weeks of
a semester, providing a half unit load which complements a computer aided design (CAD)
based design project. The following is an example of a generic course structure.
Preface to 2nd edition
What’s changed?
Thanks to feedback from users of the first edition. New chapters have been added to address
issues raised. Chapter orders have been re-arranged.
Chapter 3 thas been expanded with mass haul diagrams (MHD) supplementing the
embankment volume calculations.
The Bowditch adjustment of an open linked traverse has been added to Chapter 5.
Chapter 7 dicusses underground mine survey. It has been added to address a shortfall in the
first edition. Attention has been paid to modern free station techniques of traversing, as well as
an explaination of control transfer by traditional methods. Wall stations and associated free
station positioning is introduced. The use of single wire, Weisback triangle and Weiss
quadrilateral horizontal control, with associated errors, has been explored. Vertical control
transfer has also been addressed.
1
2 Preface
Chapter 9, Earthworks on a sloping site, is a re-visit of Chapter 3. It examinis embankment
calculations in more general terms; it pays more attention to slope intercepts in cross section
area calculations. Strike and dip of a surface is examined mathematically from a survey point
of view to supplement the geologists view of dipping planes. The author’s interest has led to an
examination of circular fill pads on a sloping site and segued into the calculation of ring tanks.
Circular curves, Chapter 10, have been supplemented by the inclusion of transition, or spiral,
curves in Chapter 11 and the imposition of superelevation to create a composite curve in
Chapter 12.
GNSS in Chapter 14 now includes discussion of precise measuring techniques for
engineering.
A major expansion of Chapter 15, setting out engineering structures, now includes more
detailed discussion of horizontal and vertical control; the maintenance of verticallity and the
establishment of grade and batter control in earthworks.
In all the book now contains links to over 180 equations, 450 illustrations and 64 tables.