Table Of ContentSurvey of the Guizhou Bouyei Language
by
Prof. Wu Wenyi (Guizhou Province Nationalities Research Institute)
and
Wil C. Snyder (Summer Institute of Linguistics)
and
Liang Yongshu (Guizhou Province Nationalities Research Institute)
Senior Editors: Zhang Heping (Guizhou Province Nationalities Affairs Commission)
and
Dr. Stuart Milliken
Consultant: Dr. Peggy Milliken
SIL Language and Culture Documentation and Description
2007-001
©2007 SIL International, Wu Wenyi, Wil C. Snyder, and Liang Yongshu
ISSN: 1939-0785
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Series Editor
Mary Ruth Wise
Managing Editor
Mae Zook
Compositor
Mae Zook
Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................................................x
Abbreviations and conventions...............................................................................................................xiii
Names and abbreviations of data points..................................................................................................xiv
The Bouyei...............................................................................................................................................xvi
1. Phonology and word list.........................................................................................................................1
1.1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Word list..........................................................................................................................................2
2. Phonology of data points......................................................................................................................18
2.1. Anlong Pingle................................................................................................................................18
2.1.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..............................................................................................18
2.1.2. Notes.....................................................................................................................................19
2.1.3. Minimal pairs........................................................................................................................20
2.1.4. Allophonic rules....................................................................................................................21
2.1.5. Transcription of Anlong Pingle word list.............................................................................21
2.2. Anshun Huangla............................................................................................................................39
2.2.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..............................................................................................39
2.2.2. Notes.....................................................................................................................................39
2.2.3. Minimal pairs........................................................................................................................41
2.2.4. Transcription of Anshun Huangla word list..........................................................................42
2.3. Ceheng Hualong............................................................................................................................59
2.3.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..............................................................................................59
2.3.2. Notes.....................................................................................................................................60
2.3.3. Minimal pairs........................................................................................................................61
2.3.4. Allophonic rules....................................................................................................................62
2.3.5. Transcription of Ceheng Hualong word list..........................................................................62
2.4. Changshun Guyang........................................................................................................................80
2.4.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..............................................................................................80
2.4.2. Notes.....................................................................................................................................80
2.4.3. Minimal pairs........................................................................................................................82
2.4.4. Allophonic rules....................................................................................................................82
2.4.5. Transcription of Changshun Guyang word list.....................................................................82
iii
iv Contents
2.5. Dushan Nanzhai...........................................................................................................................100
2.5.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................100
2.5.2. Notes...................................................................................................................................100
2.5.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................102
2.5.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................102
2.5.5. Transcription of Dushan Nanzhai word list........................................................................102
2.6. Dushan Shuiyan...........................................................................................................................120
2.6.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................120
2.6.2. Notes...................................................................................................................................121
2.6.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................122
2.6.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................122
2.6.5. Transcription of Dushan Shuiyan word list........................................................................123
2.7. Duyun Fuxi..................................................................................................................................140
2.7.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................140
2.7.2. Notes...................................................................................................................................141
2.7.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................142
2.7.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................142
2.7.5. Transcription of Duyun Fuxi word list...............................................................................143
2.8. Guiding Gonggu..........................................................................................................................160
2.8.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................160
2.8.2. Notes...................................................................................................................................161
2.8.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................162
2.8.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................163
2.8.5. Transcription of Guiding Gonggu word list........................................................................163
2.9. Huishui Danggu...........................................................................................................................180
2.9.1. Phone and phoneme inventory............................................................................................180
2.9.2. Notes...................................................................................................................................181
2.9.3. Minimal pairs......................................................................................................................182
2.9.4. Allophonic rules..................................................................................................................182
2.9.5. Transcription of Huishui Danggu word list........................................................................183
2.10. Longli Yangchang......................................................................................................................200
2.10.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................200
2.10.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................201
2.10.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................202
Contents v
2.10.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................202
2.10.5. Transcription of Longli Yangchang word list...................................................................202
2.11. Luodian Luokun.........................................................................................................................220
2.11.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................220
2.11.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................220
2.11.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................222
2.11.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................223
2.11.5. Transcription of Luodian Luokun word list......................................................................223
2.12. Luodian Poqiu............................................................................................................................232
2.12.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................232
2.12.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................233
2.12.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................234
2.12.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................235
2.12.5. Transcription of Luodian Poqiu word list.........................................................................235
2.13. Pingtang Xiliang........................................................................................................................253
2.13.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................253
2.13.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................254
2.13.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................255
2.13.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................256
2.13.5. Transcription of Pingtang Xiliang word list.....................................................................256
2.14. Pingtang Zhangbu......................................................................................................................273
2.14.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................273
2.14.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................274
2.14.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................276
2.14.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................276
2.14.5. Transcription of Pingtang Zhangbu word list...................................................................276
2.15. Qinglong Zitang.........................................................................................................................285
2.15.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................285
2.15.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................286
2.15.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................287
2.15.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................287
2.15.5. Transcription of Qinglong Zitang word list......................................................................288
2.16. Shuicheng Fa’er.........................................................................................................................305
2.16.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................305
2.16.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................306
vi Contents
2.16.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................308
2.16.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................308
2.16.5. Transcription of Shuicheng Fa’er word list......................................................................309
2.17. Wangmo Fuxi............................................................................................................................326
2.17.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................326
2.17.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................327
2.17.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................329
2.17.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................329
2.17.5. Transcription of Wangmo Fuxi word list..........................................................................330
2.18. Xingyi Bajie...............................................................................................................................347
2.18.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................347
2.18.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................348
2.18.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................350
2.18.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................350
2.18.5. Transcription of Xingyi Bajie word list............................................................................351
2.19. Zhenfeng Mingu........................................................................................................................368
2.19.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................368
2.19.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................369
2.19.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................370
2.19.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................371
2.19.5. Transcription of Zhenfeng Mingu word list......................................................................371
2.20. Zhenning Banle..........................................................................................................................389
2.20.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................389
2.20.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................389
2.20.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................391
2.20.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................391
2.20.5. Transcription of Zhenning Banle word list.......................................................................391
2.21. Zhenning Shitouzhai..................................................................................................................409
2.21.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................409
2.21.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................410
2.21.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................412
2.21.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................412
2.21.5. Transcription of Zhenning Shitouzhai word list...............................................................412
Contents vii
2.22. Ziyun Huohua............................................................................................................................430
2.22.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................430
2.22.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................431
2.22.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................432
2.22.4. Allophonic rule.................................................................................................................433
2.22.5. Transcription of Ziyun Huohua word list.........................................................................433
2.23. Ziyun Nonghe............................................................................................................................450
2.23.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................450
2.23.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................451
2.23.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................453
2.23.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................453
2.23.5. Transcription of Ziyun Nonghe word list.........................................................................454
2.24. Libo Fucun.................................................................................................................................471
2.24.1. Phone and phoneme inventory..........................................................................................471
2.24.2. Notes.................................................................................................................................472
2.24.3. Minimal pairs....................................................................................................................472
2.24.4. Allophonic rules................................................................................................................472
2.24.5. Transcription of Libo Fucun word list..............................................................................473
3. Lectal studies......................................................................................................................................482
3.1. Introduction to system relations...................................................................................................482
3.1.1. Intelligibility.......................................................................................................................482
3.1.2. Correspondence types.........................................................................................................483
3.2. Methodology................................................................................................................................484
3.3. Findings.......................................................................................................................................487
3.4. Discussion....................................................................................................................................488
Appendix.............................................................................................................................................490
4. Historical variation in Bouyei: Initials and tones...............................................................................498
4.0. Introduction..................................................................................................................................498
4.1. Labials..........................................................................................................................................499
4.1.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................499
4.1.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................500
4.2. Bilabial and labiodental clusters..................................................................................................500
4.2.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................500
4.2.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................501
viii Contents
4.3. Alveolars......................................................................................................................................502
4.3.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................502
4.3.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................502
4.4. Alveolar clusters..........................................................................................................................502
4.4.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................502
4.4.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................503
4.5. Liquids.........................................................................................................................................504
4.5.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................504
4.5.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................504
4.6. Alveolar fricatives and affricates.................................................................................................505
4.6.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................505
4.6.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................505
4.7. Palatals.........................................................................................................................................506
4.7.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................506
4.7.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................507
4.8. Velars...........................................................................................................................................507
4.8.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................507
4.8.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................508
4.9. Velar clusters...............................................................................................................................508
4.9.1. Notes...................................................................................................................................508
4.9.2. Summary.............................................................................................................................509
4.10. Glottals.......................................................................................................................................511
4.10.1. Notes.................................................................................................................................511
4.10.2. Summary...........................................................................................................................511
4.11. Tones..........................................................................................................................................511
4.11.1. Tone values and categories...............................................................................................511
4.11.2. Tonal flip-flop...................................................................................................................514
4.11.3. Notes on tone categories...................................................................................................515
5. Comparison of 1990s data with 1950s data........................................................................................516
5.0. Introduction..................................................................................................................................516
5.1. Anlong Pingle..............................................................................................................................516
5.2. Anshun Huangla..........................................................................................................................518
5.3. Ceheng Huarong..........................................................................................................................520
5.4. Changshun Guyang......................................................................................................................522
5.5. Dushan Nanzhai...........................................................................................................................524
Contents ix
5.6. Dushan Shuiyan...........................................................................................................................526
5.7. Duyun Fuxi..................................................................................................................................527
5.8. Guiding Gonggu..........................................................................................................................529
5.9. Huishui Danggu...........................................................................................................................531
5.10. Longli Yangchang......................................................................................................................534
5.11. Luodian Poqiu............................................................................................................................536
5.12. Pingtang Xiliang........................................................................................................................537
5.13. Qinglong Zitang.........................................................................................................................539
5.14. Shuicheng Fa’er.........................................................................................................................540
5.15. Wangmo Fuxing........................................................................................................................542
5.16. Xingyi Bajie...............................................................................................................................544
5.17. Zhenfeng Mingu........................................................................................................................546
5.18. Zhenning Banle..........................................................................................................................547
5.19. Zhenning Shitouzhai..................................................................................................................549
5.20. Ziyun Huohua............................................................................................................................551
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................553
6. Comparison of speech between younger and older speakers..............................................................554
6.0. Introduction..................................................................................................................................554
6.1. Differences of the speech of older speakers versus younger speakers in specific data points.....556
6.1.1. Ceheng Huarong.................................................................................................................556
6.1.2. Duyun Fuxi.........................................................................................................................559
6.1.3. Dushan Shuiyan..................................................................................................................563
6.1.4. Qinglong Zitang..................................................................................................................566
6.1.5. Guiding Gonggu.................................................................................................................570
6.1.6. Luodian Poqiu.....................................................................................................................572
6.1.7. Shuicheng Fa’er..................................................................................................................574
6.1.8. Wangmo Fuxing.................................................................................................................579
6.1.9. Zhenning Shitouzhai...........................................................................................................584
6.1.10. Ziyun Huohua...................................................................................................................588
7. Summary.............................................................................................................................................592
Bibliography...........................................................................................................................................594
Preface
This province-wide language survey was conducted in order
• to determine the current state of phonological and lexical similarity among Bouyei lects, and
• to compare the data collected with that collected in the 1950s and published in Buyi Diaocha
Baogao [abbreviated in this volume as BYDCBG, “Bouyei Language Survey Report”].
The project was managed by
• Mr. Wu Wenyi of the Guizhou Nationalities Research Institute
• Mr. Zhang Heping of the Guizhou Nationalities Affairs Commission
• Mr. Wil C. Snyder of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, and
• Dr. Lon Diehl of the Summer Institute of Linguistics.
The project was sponsored by the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Project field work began in
early 1996 and was completed in 1997. The 1950s survey included 40 data points. We selected a
total of 24 data points for our survey, with as many of these overlapping with the original 40 points
as possible. Five hundred lexical items were originally selected for our survey, with later revision
to 503 words. In each data point that we visited, we planned to elicit the word list items from a
male speaker 50 years of age or older and a male speaker 35 years of age or younger. In most data
points visited, these criteria were met, though due to flooding and other factors we were not able to
physically get to a few of the data points, so had to rely on speakers from that area as we could find
them. Each speaker of every data point was a native Bouyei speaker from that area. In each county
we visited, the local county Nationalities Affairs Commission
• hosted our work
• generally organized travel to and from the area, and
• helped select speakers.
For each data point, if possible we traveled to one of the representative villages and elicited
data there. We separated into two groups: one group eliciting data from a group of older speakers
and one group eliciting data from a group of younger speakers. The elicitation from each group was
done at the same time in separate locations within the village or county seat. In each group of
speakers, at least some understood Chinese well enough to fully understand the items we were
eliciting. In addition, the two authors from the Guizhou Nationalities Research Institute are both
Bouyei and speak the language well.
With each group of speakers, the data was elicited word by word. For each word, the group of
speakers would come to a consensus on the correct Bouyei word(s). We then would elicit and
transcribe the word(s) from one speaker chosen as the representative for that group. After the entire
word list was transcribed, we re-checked our transcription with the speakers. Finally, we recorded
the entire word list from the representative speaker of each group.
After the data was collected from one or more data points, the authors then listened to the data
tapes of both older and younger speakers and re-checked our transcriptions. We made special effort
to correctly transcribe the consonants while eliciting directly from the speaker. When listening to
the tapes, we sometimes modified our transcription of vowels and tones. We also put many words
on computer to more accurately view the pitch and vowel quality. When each list was transcribed
and checked completely, we then entered the data into a database for analysis.
We believe that the major contribution of this research is the data itself being published and
made available to any Tai scholars who wish to use it for their own research. Bouyei constitutes a
major part of Northern Tai and its lects are diverse, to one degree or another, in lexicon, phonetics,
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