Surface Treatments for Biological, Chemical and Physical Applications

302 Pages·2017·11.621 MB·English

by  Mehmet Gürsoy, Mustafa Karaman

SurfaceTreatmentsforBiological,
Chemical,andPhysical
Applications
Surface Treatments for Biological, Chemical,
and Physical Applications
EditedbyMehmetGürsoyandMustafaKaraman
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v
Contents
ListofContributors xi
Preface xv
1 SurfacesinNature 1
MehmetGürsoyandMustafaKaraman
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 InspiringNaturalSurfaceStructures 2
1.2.1 Self-CleaningSurfaces 2
1.2.2 AdhesiveHydrophobicSurfaces 6
1.2.3 UnidirectionallySuperhydrophobicSurfaces 7
1.2.4 FogHarvestingSurfaces 9
1.2.5 Anti-reflectiveSurfaces 10
1.2.6 StructuralColor 11
1.2.7 DragReductionandAntifoulingSurfaces 13
1.2.8 AdhesiveSurfaces 13
1.3 Conclusion 15
References 16
2 ChemicalandPhysicalModificationofSurfaces 23
MustafaKaraman,MehmetGürsoy,MahmutKu¸s,FarukÖzel,EsmaYenel,
ÖzlemG.S¸ahin,andHilalD.Kivrak
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 VaporDepositionProcesses 24
2.2.1 PhysicalVaporDeposition 24
2.2.1.1 TypesofPVDProcesses 25
2.2.2 ChemicalVaporDeposition 29
2.2.2.1 CVDReactors 31
2.2.2.2 BasicPrinciplesofCVD:Thermodynamics,Chemistry,Heat,andMass
Transfer 33
2.2.2.3 VariousTypesofCVD 37
2.2.2.4 ChemicalVaporDepositionofPolymericThinFilms 40
2.2.3 AtomicLayerDeposition(ALD) 46
2.3 WetCoatingTechniques 48
2.3.1 Sol–GelCoating 48
vi Contents
2.3.1.1 EffectofpH 49
2.3.1.2 WaterContent 49
2.3.1.3 TheTypesofPrecursors 50
2.3.1.4 Temperature,Drying,andAging 51
2.3.1.5 Sol–GelCoatings 52
2.3.2 Electrospinning 52
2.3.2.1 EmulsionElectrospinning 55
2.3.2.2 CoaxialElectrospinning 55
2.3.2.3 MeltElectrospinning 55
2.3.3 ElectrolyticAnodization 56
2.3.4 Electroplating 57
2.3.5 ElectrolessPlating 58
2.3.6 ElectrophoreticDeposition 59
2.3.7 DipCoating 59
References 60
3 SurfaceCharacterizationTechniques 67
GökhanErdog˘an,GünnurGüler,Tug˘baKiliç,DuyguO.Kiliç,BeyhanErdog˘an,
ZahideTosun,HilalD.Kivrak,Ug˘urTürkan,FatihÖzcan,MehmetGürsoy,and
MustafaKaraman
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 SurfaceCharacterizationMethods 67
3.2.1 X-raySpectroscopyTechniques 67
3.2.1.1 X-raysFlorescentSpectroscopy 68
3.2.1.2 X-rayDiffractionTechnique 69
3.2.1.3 X-rayPhotoelectronSpectroscopy 71
3.2.2 SurfaceCharacterizationwithFTIRSpectroscopy 72
3.2.2.1 FTIRSpectrometers 73
3.2.2.2 MethodsandSamplingTechniques 74
3.2.2.3 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofFTIRSpectroscopy 76
3.2.2.4 ApplicationsofFTIRSpectroscopy 77
3.2.3 NuclearMagneticResonanceSpectroscopy 79
3.2.3.1 TheoryofNMRSpectroscopy 80
3.2.3.2 TypesofNMRSpectroscopy 81
3.2.3.3 InstrumentationandSampleHandling 82
3.2.3.4 ApplicationsofNMR 83
3.2.4 ElectronMicroscopes 83
3.2.4.1 ScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM) 84
3.2.4.2 EnvironmentalScanningElectronMicroscopy(ESEM) 87
3.2.4.3 TransmissionElectronMicroscope 89
3.2.5 ScanningProbeMicroscopy 95
3.2.5.1 WorkingPrinciple 96
3.2.5.2 OperatingModesofSPM 97
3.2.5.3 ContactModeAFM 97
3.2.5.4 NoncontactModeAFM 98
3.2.5.5 IntermittentContactModeAFM 98
3.2.5.6 ClosedCellLiquidAFM 98
3.2.5.7 STM 98
Contents vii
3.2.5.8 MFM 100
3.2.5.9 EFM 100
3.2.5.10 LFM 100
3.2.5.11 Nanoindentation 100
3.2.6 ContactAngle 101
3.2.7 BET(Brunauer–Emmett–Teller)Analysis 102
3.2.8 TerahertzTimeDomainSpectroscopy 104
References 108
4 SurfaceModificationofPolymericMembranesforVarious
SeparationProcesses 115
Woei-JyeLau,Chi-SiangOng,NikAbdulHadiMdNordin,
NurAimieAbdullahSani,NadzirahMohdMokhtar,RasoulJamshidiGohari,
DaryoushEmadzadeh,AhmadFauziIsmail
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 MethodsofMembraneSurfaceModification 116
4.2.1 Blending 116
4.2.1.1 Polymer–PolymerBlending 116
4.2.1.2 Polymer–InorganicBlending 117
4.2.2 SurfaceCoating 118
4.2.2.1 InterfacialPolymerization 118
4.2.2.2 Layer-by-LayerCoating 119
4.2.2.3 Sol–GelCoating 120
4.2.2.4 SpinCoating 123
4.2.3 Photo-InitiatedPolymerization 124
4.2.3.1 UV-Initiated“Grafting-to”MembraneSurface 124
4.2.3.2 UV-Initiated“Grafting-from”MembraneSurface 125
4.2.4 OtherSurfaceModificationMethods 127
4.3 AdvancementsofSurface-ModifiedMembranesforVarious
SeparationProcesses 128
4.3.1 WastewaterTreatment 128
4.3.1.1 UltrafiltrationandForwardOsmosisforOilyWastewater 128
4.3.1.2 NanofiltrationandMembraneDistillationforTextileWastewater 134
4.3.2 DrinkingWaterProduction 142
4.3.2.1 ReverseOsmosisandForwardOsmosisforBrackishWater/Seawater
Desalination 142
4.3.2.2 AdsorptiveUltrafiltrationforUndergroundWater 148
4.3.3 DenseMembraneforGasSeparationProcess 153
4.3.4 SolventResistantNanofiltrationMembraneforOrganicSolvent
Application 164
4.4 Conclusions 171
References 173
5 Langmuir–BlodgettFilms:SensorandBiomedicalApplications
andComparisonswiththeLayer-by-LayerMethod 181
EpameinondasLeontidis
5.1 Introduction 181
5.2 Langmuir–BlodgettFilms:GeneralDiscussion 184
viii Contents
5.2.1 DepositionMethods,FilmMaterials,andSubstrates 184
5.2.2 ApplicationsofLBFilms 187
5.3 LBFilmsofNanoparticles 188
5.4 LBFilmsasSensors 189
5.4.1 TypesofSensors 189
5.4.2 GasSensors 190
5.4.3 SensorsforIonsandOtherSolutionComponents 193
5.4.4 Biosensors 195
5.5 LBFilmsinBiomedicine 196
5.6 LBandLbLMethods:aBriefComparison 197
References 199
6 SurfaceModificationofBiopolymer-BasedNanoformsand
TheirBiologicalApplications 209
SusanaC.M.Fernandes
6.1 Introduction 209
6.2 NanocelluloseandNanochitin 209
6.3 TheUniqueBiologicalPropertiesofNanocelluloseand
Nanochitin 212
6.3.1 Nanocellulose 212
6.3.1.1 Biodegradability 212
6.3.1.2 Biocompatibility 213
6.3.1.3 LowCytotoxicity 213
6.3.2 Nanochitin 214
6.4 FunctionalSurfaceModification 214
6.4.1 ForBiomedicalApplication 215
6.4.1.1 ToImproveNanocellulose’sBiodegradability 215
6.4.1.2 ToExpandNanocellulose’sBiocompatibility 215
6.4.1.3 ToExpandNanochitinApplications 217
6.4.2 ForAntimicrobialApplications 218
6.4.2.1 IntroductionofAntimicrobialActivitytoCelluloseNanoforms 218
6.4.2.2 ExpansionofAntimicrobialActivityofChitinNanoforms 220
6.5 SummaryandFinalRemarks 220
References 221
7 Enzyme-BasedBiosensorsinFoodIndustryviaSurface
Modifications 227
NilayGazelandHuseyinB.Yildiz
7.1 Introduction 227
7.2 Biosensors 228
7.2.1 HistoricalPerspectivesofBiosensors 229
7.2.2 PartsofBiosensors:BioreceptorandTransducer 230
7.3 Enzymes 234
7.3.1 EnzymeCommissionNumbers 235
7.3.1.1 EC1Oxidoreductases 237
7.3.1.2 EC2Transferases 238
Contents ix
7.3.1.3 EC3Hydrolases 238
7.3.1.4 EC4Lyases 238
7.3.1.5 EC5Isomerases 239
7.3.1.6 EC6Ligases 239
7.3.2 EnzymeImmobilization 240
7.3.2.1 PhysicalAdsorption 242
7.3.2.2 CovalentBinding 243
7.3.2.3 Entrapment 243
7.3.2.4 Encapsulation 244
7.3.2.5 Cross-Linking 245
7.4 ApplicationofEnzyme-BasedBiosensorsinFoodIndustry 245
7.5 Conclusion 247
References 247
8 HeterogeneousCatalysisfromthePerspectiveofSurface
Science 253
AydinCihanog˘lu,DiegoHernánQuiñones-Murillo,andGizemPayer
8.1 IntroductiontoSolidSurface 253
8.1.1 HistoricalPerspectiveofSurfaceScienceandCatalysis 253
8.1.2 IndustrialandEconomicalAspectsofCatalysis 254
8.2 ReactionMechanismsandKinetics 255
8.2.1 Catalysis 255
8.2.2 IndividualStepsinHeterogeneousCatalysis 258
8.2.3 RatesofReaction 258
8.2.3.1 ReactionMechanismsandRateLaws 259
8.2.3.2 MicroscopicReversibilityPrinciple 260
8.2.3.3 RuleofSimplicity 260
8.2.3.4 ChainReactions 260
8.2.3.5 ChainTransferReactions 261
8.2.3.6 EnzymaticReactions 262
8.2.3.7 InhibitionofEnzymaticReactions 262
8.2.3.8 HeterogeneousCatalyticReactions 263
8.3 PreparationofCatalysts 265
8.3.1 Precipitation 265
8.3.2 Gelation(Sol–GelProcess) 266
8.3.3 Impregnation 268
8.3.4 ChemicalVaporDeposition 269
8.3.5 SolvothermalTreatments 269
8.3.6 IonExchange 270
8.4 ModificationsandCharacterizationsofSolidSurface 271
8.4.1 ModificationMethods 271
8.4.2 Characterizations 276
Acknowledgment 278
References 278
Index 283
xi
ListofContributors
AydinCihanog˘lu AhmadFauziIsmail
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering UniversitiTeknologiMalaysia
˙IzmirInstituteofTechnology AdvancedMembraneTechnology
Gülbahçe-Urla ResearchCentre(AMTEC)
35430˙Izmir Skudai
Turkey Johor81310
Malaysia
DaryoushEmazadah
IslamicAzadUniversity SusanaC.M.Fernandes
DepartmentofChemicalEngineering DivisionofGlycoscience
GachsaranBranch SchoolBiotechnology
Gachsaran RoyalInstituteofTechnology(KTH)
Iran Roslagstullsbacken21
StockholmSE-10691
BeyhanErdog˘an Sweden
DYOPaintsManufacturing&Trading
CompanyINC NilayGazel
AtatürkOrganizeSanayi SelcukUniversity
Bölgesi10003Sok.No:2 DepartmentofChemistry
35620Çig˘li –˙IZM˙IR AlaaddinKeykubatCampus
Turkey 42075Konya
Turkey
GökhanErdog˘an
GedizUniversity GünnurGüler
DepartmentofBiomedical EgeUniversity
Engineering CenterforDrugResearchand
35665Seyrek – Izmir DevelopmentandPharmacokinetic
Turkey Applications(ARGEFAR)
35100Bornova – Izmir
Turkey