Table Of ContentSurface Science of Adsorbents and
Nanoadsorbents
This page intentionally left blank
Interface Science and Technology
Surface Science of
Adsorbents and
Nanoadsorbents
Properties and Applications in Environmental
Remediation
Volume 34
Tawfik A. Saleh
FacultyMember,ChemistryDepartment,andIRCforAdvancedMaterials,
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Academic PressisanimprintofElsevier
125 LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom
525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates
50 HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
Copyright©2022ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthis publicationmaybereproduced ortransmitted inany formorbyany
means, electronicor mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or any
information storageandretrieval system, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe
publisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’s
permissions policies andourarrangements withorganizations suchastheCopyright
ClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensing Agency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected under
copyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand
experience broadenourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professional
practices,ormedical treatment maybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledge
inevaluating andusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments
described herein.Inusingsuchinformation or methodstheyshouldbemindfulof
theirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomthey havea
professionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or
editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasa
matterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise, orfromany useor operationof
any methods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-12-849876-7
ISSN:1573-4285
Forinformation onallElsevier publicationsvisitourwebsiteat
https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: SusanDennis
Acquisition Editor:Charles Bath
EditorialProjectManager:Aera F.Gariguez
ProductionProjectManager:BharatwajVaratharajan
Cover Designer:Mark Rogers
TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
Interface Science and Technology
Series Editor: Arthur T. Hubbard
In this Series:
Vol. 1: Clay Surfaces: Fundamentals and Applications
Edited by F. Wypych and K.G. Satyanarayana
Vol. 2: Electrokinetics in Microfluids
By Dongqing Li
Vol. 3: Radiotracer Studies of Interfaces
Edited By G. Hora´nyi
Vol. 4: Emulsions: Structure Stability and Interactions
Edited By D.N. Petsev
Vol. 5: Inhaled Particles
By Chiu-sen Wang
Vol. 6: Heavy Metals in the Environment: Origin, Interaction and
Remediation
Edited By H.B. Bradl
Vol. 7: Activated Carbon Surfaces in Environmental Remediation
Edited By Teresa J. Bandosz
Vol. 8: Tissue Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications
By Yoshito Ikada
Vol. 9: Particles at Interfaces: Interactions, Deposition, Structure
By Zbigniew Adamczyk
Vol. 10: Interface Science in Drinking Water Treatment: Theory and
Applications
Edited By G. Newcombe and D. Dixon
Vol. 11: Surface Complexation Modelling
Edited By Johannes Lu¨tzenkirchen
Vol. 12: Theory of Colloid and Interfacial Electric Phenomena
By Hiroyuki Ohshima
Vol. 13: Sorbent Deformation
By A.V. Tvardovskiy
Vol. 14: Advanced Chemistry of Monolayers at Interfaces: Trends in
Methodology and Technology
Edited By Toyoko Imae
Vol. 15: Macromolecules in Solution and Brownian Relativity
By Stefano A. Mezzasalma
Vol. 16: ThePropertiesofWaterandtheirRoleinColloidalandBiological
Systems
By Carel Jan van Oss
Vol. 17: Chemistry on Modified Oxide and Phosphate Surfaces: Funda-
mentals and Applications
By Robson Fernandes de Farias
Vol. 18: Interface Science and Composites
By Soo-Jin Park and Min-Kang Seo
Vol. 19: Nanoparticle Technologies: From Lab to Market
By Farid Bensebaa
Vol. 20: Particles at Interfaces
By Zbigniew Adamczyk
Vol. 21: Self-Assembly Processes at Interfaces: Multiscale Phenomena
By Vincent Ball
Vol. 22: Rheology of Emulsions: Electrohydrodynamics Principles
By Aleksandar M. Spasic
Vol. 23: TailoredThinCoatings for Corrosion Inhibitionusinga Molecular
Approach
By Simo Olavi Pehkonen and Shaojun Yuan
Vol. 24: Charge and Energy Storage in Electrical Double Layers
By Silvia Ahualli and A´ngel V. Delgado
Vol. 25: Stimuli Responsive Polymeric Membranes
ByMihirKumarPurkait,ManishKumarSinha,PiyalMondal,and
Randeep Singh
Vol. 26: TheoryofElectrophoresisandDiffusiophoresisofHighlyCharged
Colloidal Particles
By Eric Lee
Vol. 27: Graphene Surfaces: Particles and Catalysts
By Karim Kakaei, Mehdi Esrafili and Ali Ehsani
Vol. 28: An Introduction to Green Nanotechnology
By Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh, Mohammad Sajadi, Monireh
Atarod, Mohadeseh Sajjadi and Zahra Isaabadi
Vol. 29: Emerging Natural and Tailored Nanomaterials for Radioactive
Waste Treatment and Environmental Remediation
Edited by Changlun Chen
Vol. 30: Advanced Low-Cost Separation Techniques in Interface Science
Edited by George Z. Kyzas and Athanasios C. Mitropoulos
Vol. 31: Surface Science of Photocatalysis
Edited by Jiaguo Yu, Mietek Jaroniec and Chuanjia Jiang
Vol. 32: Photocatalysis: Fundamental Processes and Applications
Edited by Mehrorang Ghaedi
Vol. 33: Adsorption: Fundamental Processes and Applications
Edited by Mehrorang Ghaedi
Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgment xvii
1. Overview of surface and interface science
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Atomsandmolecules 1
1.2 Element,compound,substance,andmixture 2
1.3 Matterandmaterial 4
1.4 Chemicalformulae 7
1.5 Chemicalreactions 7
2. Bulk materialsandnanomaterials 8
2.1 Definitions 8
2.2 Differencesbetweenbulkandnanomaterials 12
2.3 Typesofnanomaterials 15
3. Science ofnanomaterials 19
3.1 Chemistryofmaterials 19
3.2 Scienceofnanomaterials 19
3.3 Nanoscienceandnanotechnology 19
4. Surfacescienceandinterface 22
4.1 Surfacescience 22
4.2 Surfacechemistry 24
4.3 Surfacephysics 24
4.4 Surfaceingeometry 25
4.5 Differencebetweensurfaceandinterface 25
4.6 Examplesofsurfaceandinterface 26
5. Applicationofsurfacescience 30
5.1 Adsorption 31
5.2 Colloid 32
5.3 Emulsion 33
5.4 Otherapplications 34
6. Theoriesofsurfacescience 35
6.1 TheHamiltonian 36
References 37
vii
viii Contents
2. Adsorption technology and surface science
1. Introduction 39
2. Adsorption andabsorption 41
3. Adhesion 41
4. Tribology 44
5. Adsorption terms 47
6. Classificationofadsorptionprocess 48
6.1 Physisorption 50
6.2 Chemisorption 52
6.3 Ionexchange 52
7. Factorsaffectingdegree ofadsorption 53
7.1 Surfacearea 53
7.2 Heatofadsorption 55
7.3 Solubilityofadsorbate 55
7.4 Otherfactors 55
8. Requirementsforsorbents 57
9. Interactions 57
10. BETtheory 57
11. Adsorption principles 58
12. Adsorption equilibrium 63
13. Conclusions 63
References 63
3. Kinetic models and thermodynamics of adsorption
processes: classification
1. Adsorption reactionmodels andempiricalmodels 65
1.1 Overview 65
1.2 Stepsinadsorptionmasstransfer 65
2. Masstransfer 67
2.1 Stagesinsorptionprocess 67
2.2 Whystudykineticsforsorptionprocess 70
3. Masstransfermodels 70
3.1 Pseudo-first-orderkineticmodel 70
3.2 Pseudo-second-orderkinetic model 73
3.3 Mixed-ordermodel 75
3.4 Elovichmodel 75
3.5 Ritchie’sequation 76
3.6 BrouerseSotolongofractalkineticmodel 76
3.7 Pseudo-nth-ordermodel 76
4. Externaldiffusion models 77
4.1 FrusawaandSmithmodel 77
4.2 MathewsandWeber(M&W)model 77
4.3 Phenomenologicalexternalmasstransfermodel 78
Contents ix
5. Internal diffusion models 78
5.1 Boyd’sintraparticlediffusion model 78
5.2 WeberandMorris model 81
5.3 Phenomenologicalinternalmasstransfermodel 81
6. Porevolumeandsurfacediffusion model 81
7. Models foradsorption ontoactivesites 82
8. Biotnumber 82
8.1 Calculationofbiotnumber 82
8.2 Whycalculatebiotnumber 82
9. Adsorptionprocessandmodelevaluation 83
9.1 Coefficient ofcorrelation 83
9.2 Chi-square 84
9.3 Otherindicators 84
10. Adsorptionthermodynamics 85
10.1 Gibbsfreeenergyofchange(DG(cid:1)) 85
10.2 Enthalpychange 86
10.3 Entropy change 86
10.4 Isostericheatofadsorption 86
10.5 Hoppingnumber 88
10.6 Adsorptionpotential 88
10.7 Adsorptiondensity 88
10.8 Stickingprobability 88
10.9 Activationenergy 91
11. Conclusions 91
References 92
4. Isotherm models of adsorption processes on
adsorbents and nanoadsorbents
1. Isothermadsorptionmodels 99
2. Adsorptionempiricalisotherms 101
2.1 Linearmodel 101
2.2 Freundlichadsorptionisotherm 103
2.3 RedlichePetersonIsotherm 108
2.4 Sipsmodel 110
2.5 Tothisothermmodel 111
2.6 Temkinisotherm model 111
3. AdsorptionmodelsbasedonPolanyi’spotentialtheory 112
3.1 DubinineRadushkevichmodel 112
3.2 DubinineAstakhovmodel 113
4. Chemicaladsorptionmodels 114
4.1 Langmuirmodel 115
4.2 Volmerisothermmodel 116
5. Physicaladsorptionmodels 117
5.1 BETadsorptionisotherm 117
5.2 Aranovichmodel 121
