Table Of ContentSPRINGER BRIEFS IN PHYSICS
Leiva Casemiro Oliveira
Antonio Marcus Nogueira Lima
Carsten Thirstrup
Helmut Franz Neff
Surface Plasmon
Resonance
Sensors
A Materials Guide
to Design and
Optimization
SpringerBriefs in Physics
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8902
Leiva Casemiro Oliveira
(cid:129)
Antonio Marcus Nogueira Lima
Carsten Thirstrup Helmut Franz Neff
(cid:129)
Surface Plasmon
Resonance Sensors
A Materials Guide to Design
and Optimization
123
Leiva Casemiro Oliveira Carsten Thirstrup
Department of Electrical Danish NationalMetrology Institute
Engineering(DEE) KongensLyngby
Federal Universityof Campina Denmark
Grande(UFCG)
Campina Grande Helmut FranzNeff
Brazil Department of Electrical
Engineering(DEE)
Antonio Marcus NogueiraLima Federal Universityof Campina
Department of Electrical Grande(UFCG)
Engineering(DEE) Campina Grande
Federal Universityof Campina Brazil
Grande(UFCG)
Campina Grande
Brazil
ISSN 2191-5423 ISSN 2191-5431 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inPhysics
ISBN 978-3-319-14925-7 ISBN 978-3-319-14926-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14926-4
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SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
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that has been cultivated for several years.
Preface
Anintroductorylectureonsurfaceplasmonsoftenbeginsbyshowingtheaudience
a photograph of a Lycurgus cup dating back to the fourth-century Roman period.
Thespectacularcupexhibitsamostimpressivechangeincolourfromredtogreen
depending on whether light shines from behind or from the front. Colloidal
nanoparticlesofgoldandsilverhadbeendispersedintheglassofthecupandtheir
stronginteractionwithvisiblelightduetolocalizedsurfaceplasmonsisresponsible
forthefascinatingcoloureffect.Itisachallengeforscientiststounderstandhowthe
Romanswereabletomakethiscup;whethertheycouldcontrolthecoloureffectby
design or whether it was more or less made by chance.
Surface plasmons exhibit many other fascinating properties, which attract the
interest of scientists in many different fields, including electrochemistry, artificial
photosynthesis, plasmon mediated chemical nanoparticle growth, catalysis, photo-
thermal cancer therapy, telecommunications, scanning tunnelling and surface
plasmon microscopy, optical sensing and in particular optical bio-sensing. This
bookfocusesmainlybutnotexclusivelyonthelattertopic,anditisintendedtobe
usedasamaterials guide inthedesignofsurfaceplasmon sensors,butitmay also
serve as an inspiration for people in other fields.
Thebookisaresultofastudyoftheparametersthataffectthesurfaceplasmon
response. The important parameters are the choice of metal for the thin film or the
nanoparticle, the choice of dielectric substrate materials, the choice of liquid ana-
lyte, sizes and configurations. Properties of a large number of metals have been
collected from the periodic table, including traditional noble metals like gold and
silver, noble transition metals of the platinum group like osmium and rhodium,
alkalimetalslikelithium,andtransitionmetalslikemolybdenumandtantalum,and
othercommonmetals.Inaddition,afewexamplesofsurfaceplasmonresponsesof
alloys and superlattices have been included. Three different types of surface plas-
monsareexamined:(1)apropagatingsurface-plasmoninametalthinfilmbetween
two dielectrics, where one dielectric is a substrate material in which the surface
plasmonisexcitedbylightandtheotherlayerisaliquidanalytecausingthesensor
response;(2)apropagatinglong-rangesurfaceplasmoninametalthinfilmbetween
two dielectrics, but further comprising an additional dielectric layer situated
vii
viii Preface
between the substrate and the liquid analyte enabling the propagation of an anti-
symmetric surface plasmon mode with a long propagating length; and (3) a
localized surface plasmon in a metal nanoparticle.
The analysis of the surface plasmon sensor response covers three different
interrogation modes: (a) the angular interrogation mode, where the wavelength is
fixed and the response is monitored as a function of the incident angle of the light
(excluded for nanoparticles), (b) the wavelength interrogation mode, where the
angle of incidence of light is fixed and the sensor response is monitored as a
function of wavelength and (c) the intensity interrogation mode where both the
angleandthewavelengtharefixedandsolelytheintensityismonitored.Thelatter
interrogation mode is only briefly treated in this book, because it is obviously less
sensitivethantheothermethods,butitmayberelevantforanalysisoflargearrays
of sensor elements in surface plasmon resonance imaging of, for example, two-
dimensional arrays of sensor elements. The book starts with an introduction to
surface plasmons and surface plasmon resonance sensors followed by a sensor
design guide and descriptions of modelling the surface resonance response for
propagating surface plasmons and localized surface plasmons. These topics are
covered in Chaps. 1–5. For a number of materials systems and surface plasmon
configurations as described above, detailed surface plasmon response analyses are
presented in Chaps. 6–12. Finally, the results of the analyses are summarized in
Chap. 13 by a table and concluding remarks are presented. It is the hope of the
authors that the book will inspire scientists from several other fields beyond bio-
sensing and that it can help in introducing new materials and/or configurations for
surfaceplasmons,goingbeyondthosebasedongoldandsilver,whoseeffectshave
already fascinated people for centuries.
Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, October 2014 Leiva Casemiro Oliveira
Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil Antonio Marcus Nogueira Lima
Lyngby, Denmark Carsten Thirstrup
Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil Helmut Franz Neff
Acknowledgments
Much of the SP-sensor technology discussed in this book was developed over
10 years ago at VIR Biosensor A/S, located in Taastrup, Denmark. Many of our
former colleagues there, especially Weiyong Zong, Martin Borre and Ulli Ruedel,
made essential contributions. This book would not have been written without the
entrepreneurial courage of Stig Hojberg-Jensen, the founder of VIR A/S. The
authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for many years of CAPES,
CNPQ, FINEP and contributions of all the former and current undergraduate and
graduate students.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction and Background Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Physical Features of the Surface Plasmon Polariton . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 Physical Features of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors. . . . . . . 15
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Design Features of Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors. . . . . . . . 19
4.1 Propagating Surface Plasmons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2 Localized SP’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5 Data Extraction Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1 Multilayer Fresnel Analysis for Extended Metal Films. . . . . . . 27
5.2 Long Range Surface Plasmon Polaritons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Small Particles. . . . . 30
5.4 Partial Differential Equation Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6 SPR-Sensor Properties of Metal Films and Particles:
Free Electron Type Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.1 Thin Aluminum Films and Colloidal Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.1.1 Long Range Surface Plasmon Polaritons
(LRSPP-Mode). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.1.2 Localized Plasmons in Colloidal Al-Particles
(LSPR-Mode). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.2 Thin Lithium (Li) Films. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.3 Thin Magnesium (Mg) Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
xi
