Table Of ContentSurface Phenomena and
Additives in Water-Based Coatings
and Printing Technology
Surface Phenomena and
Additives in Water-Based Coatings
and Printing Technology
Edited by
Mahendra K. Sharma
Eastman Kodak Company
Kingsport, Tennessee
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Surface phenomena and additives in water-based coatings and printing technology / edited by
Mahendra K. Sharma.
p. cm.
"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Surface Phenomena and Additives in Water-
Based Coatings and Printing Technology, sponsored by the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Fine
Particle Society, held August 21-25,1990, in San Diego, California"-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Paper coatings-Congresses. 2. Printing-ink-Congresses. 3. Surface chemistry-Congresses. I.
Sharma, Mahendra K. II. International Symposium on Surface Phenomena and Additives in Water-
Based Coatings and Printing Technology (1990: San Diego, Calif.) III. Fine Particle Society, Meeting
(21st: 1990: San Diego, Calif.)
TS1118.F5S87 1992 91-44998
676/.234-dc20 CIP
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Surface Phenomena and
Additives in Water-Based Coatings and Printing Technology,
sponsored by the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Fine Particle Society,
held August 21-25, 1990, in San Diego, California
ISBN 978-1-4899-2363-9 ISBN 978-1-4899-2361-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-2361-5
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Water-based technology has undergone revolutionary changes during
the past two decades. Interest in the properties and uses of
water-based coatings, paints and inks has continued to grow since the
establishment of the Clean Air Act of 1970. The present book is devoted
to recent developments and trends in water-based coating and ink
technology. This volume is divided in three broad catagories: (1)
Additives and Water-based Coating/Ink Systems, (2) Surface
Modifications and Wettability, and (3) Ink/Coating Formulations and
Their characterization. The role of various additives to improve the
performance and properties of water-based coatings with special
reference to surface phenomena such as wettability, adhesion, surface
energies, dispersion stability, particle size and size distribution are
presented in these sections.
This volume documents the proceedings of the International
symposium on Surface Phenomena and Additives in Water-Based Coatings
and Printing Technology sponsored by the 21st Annual Meeting of the
Fine Particle Society (FPS). This meeting was held in San Diego,
california, AUgust 21-25, 1990. The symposium upon which this volume is
based was organized in four sessions emphasizing several basic and
applied aspects of water-based coatings and printing technology. Major
topics discussed include advances in water-based technology,
water-based flexo and gravure inks, hydrophobically-modified cellulosic
thickeners, organosilicones, uv curable silicone release coatings,
surface characterization of Ti02 pigments, polymer substrates,
flexographic plates and coating films, pigment wetting and dispersing
agents, hydrotrope effect in emulsion polymers, film thickness control,
particle size measurements, rheological properties, and statistically
designed mixtures for ink formulations.
Several processes occurring at molecular, microscopic and
macroscopic levels in characterizing flow, levelling, defoaming,
wetting and dispersing additives are described to minimize or eliminate
the coating and printing defects. I hope that this book will serve its
intended objective of summarizing various surface phenomena and
additives in relation to water-based technology. In addition, it will
be a valuable reference source for both novices and experts in the
field of surface chemistry, chemical and environmental engineering,
coating and printing processes, and water-based coatings, paints and
ink formulation technology.
v
I woold like to r:::cnvey my sincere thanks and appreciation to Dr.
Paul D. Berger, Organics Division, Witco Corporation, for his
assistance and support in organizing the symposium. I wish to convey my
thanks to the members of the Fine Particle Society for their
cooperation and support. that allowed me to invite many researchers from
different r:::cuntr:i.es to pa:rt.icipate in the meeting. I also would like to
thank the authors for their r:::cntributions, and the reviewers for their
diligent and timely manuscript reviews. The views and conclusions
expressed herein are those of the authors. special thanks to Ms.
Patricia M. Vann, Plenum Publishing corporation for her continued
interest in this project.
I woold like to express my thanks to the appropriate management of
the Eastman Chemical Company (ECC) for allowing me to participate in
the organization of the symposium and to edit this proceedings volume.
My special. thanks are due to Mr. J. C. Martin, Mr. J. E. Dickert and
Dr. G. J. O'Neill for their cooperation and understanding during the
tenure of editing.
Last, but ce:rt.ainly not least, I am grateful to my colleagues and
friends for their encouragement and assistance throughout this project.
Also I would like to acknowledge the support, assistance and
cooperation of my wife, Rama, in more ways than one, and extend the
appreciation to my children (Amol and Anuj) for rendering home
atmosphere conductive to work and for allowing me to spend many
evenings and weekends working on this volume.
Mahendra K. Sharma
Kingsport, Tennessee
July 26, 1991
vi
ADDITIVES AND WATER-BASED OOATING/INK SYSTEMS
Advances in Water-Based Coatings am Printing Technology• ••••••••••••••• 1
M. K. Shanna
'!he Effect of Conventional am Hydrophobically-Modified
Cellulosic 'lhickeners on the Rheology of latex
Pa.i.nt:s •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11
R. G. Brown, C. W. Vamerslice, T. S. Young am E. FU
Water-Based Flexo am Gravure Inks Containing Eastman AQ
Polyesters ••...••.•..•.........•....•••••••••••••••••••••• 27
M. K. Shanna am H. D. Phan
FOaming am Crawling of Aqueous Industrial Coatings ..••.•••••..•••••••• 43
M. J. Schnall
silicones in the Coating Industry: Flow, Levelling
am Defoaming ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 59
R. Vash
Qrganosilicone surfactants: Properties, Chemistry, and
Applications •••••.......•....•••.•••.••..••.•••••••••••••• 73
J. W. Adams
UV curable silicone Release Coatings ........•...........••.••••••.••••• 83
J. stein, G. A. Smith and T. M. Leonard
SURFACE IDDIFICATIONS AND WEITABILITll'
SUrface Treatment of Ti02 Pigments am Aqueous Slurry
stabili'ty' ................................................. 91
T. Iosoi
vii
Titanium Dioxide Particle Size Control for Designed
Performance in Water-Borne Ooating Systems •.••••.•••••••• 105
C. C. TatInan
Pigment Wetting and Dispersing Additives for Water-Based
Ooatings and inks .••..•.•••••..•••.••••••......•..•.....• 139
R. Vash
SUrface Olaracterization of Polymer Substrates, Flexographic
Printing Plates and Dried Ink Films Printed with
Water-Based Ink Systems ..•.•....•.•••••.••••••••••••••••• 151
D. Ki.Jmar
A Dynamic Approach to SUrface Energy and Wettability Phenomenon
in Flexography •..................••.....•......••.•.••••• 163
J. D:rningue
Hydrotrope Effect in Emulsion Polymers: Surface Properties,
Particle Size and Ooagulum ..........••....•••..••••...... 171
D. E. Nordhaus
Film 'Ihickness Control for Chemically Synthesized
Conducting Poly pyrrole ..•••.•...••••••.••.......••••••••• 179
M. M. Ayad, K. K. Kanazawa and J. C. Scott
INK/roATING FORMUIATIONS AND THEIR rnARACI'ERIZATION
High Resolution Particle Size Analysis of Ooating Materials:
II. Achieving Accurate and High Resolution
Results •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 191
J. C. 'Ihomas
Comparison of New Methods of laser Particle Analysis for
the Range 0.0005 um to 700 um ......•....................• 205
P. E. Plantz
Rheological Property Measunnent with the Falling Needle
visoaneter: 'Ibeory .............................•••••..•.. 225
N. A. Park and T. F. Irvine, Jr.
A Multifunctional Falling Needle Viscometer to measure
'Ihenrophysical Properties of Newtonian and
Non-Newtonian Fluids: Applications .•.....•.....••••••••.. 241
N. A. Park and T. F. Irvine, Jr.
F'I.ln:IarIentals of the Dispersion Process and Characterization
of Coating Marterials Using Different Types of
Dispersion Equipment ...............••..•.....•..••••••.•. 255
G. Kigle-Boeckler
SUrface Tension Measurement (Ring Method) and Olaracterization
of Coating Materials ................•.....•.....••.•...•• 269
G. Kigle-Boeckler
viii
Ink Fonrulations 'lhrough statistically Designed Mixture
Experiments •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 283
J. Auslarder, W. Hunt and S. Wenner
Author Irxlex• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 307
SUbject Irxlex •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 309
ix
ADVANCES IN WATER-B1ISED OOATINGS AND HUNl'ING TE<liNOIDGY
Mahen:ira K. Shanna
Research laboratories
Eastman Chemical Ccalpany
~rt, 'IN 37662 (U.S.A.)
several aspects of coatin;Js am printing inks have
been reviewed with special enphasis on the recent
developnents of coating technology. '!he role of film
fonning mterials am the progress in developing these
products suitable for water-based technology have been
discussed. '!he resins used in the coating am printing
irdustries have been highlighted. water-borne resins
such as water-soluble am water-dispersible am their
role in tenus of en:i-use properties for desired
applications have been described. '!he advantages am
disadvantages as perceived by users of water-based
coatin;Js am printing fonnulations have been etphasized.
It is likely that the present criteria of 80/20 (water/
solvent) containing water-based systems will not last in
the coming years due to strict envirornnental reasons, am
development nrust be focused on fonnulating products with
less than 5% volatile organic COIIpOl.Il'X)s (VOC). Several
developments are made to achieve almost no VOC in the
coating am printing systems to meet expected environmental
regulations as well as to satisfy the customer demarrl for
alIwst equal perfonnance to solvent-based systems.
INl'IDmcrroN
Coatings am printing inks have been known for several centuries.
'lhese systems contained volatile organic corrp:>l.lOOs (VOC) as a suitable
solvent to fonnulate coatin;Js am printir,g inks for desired
applications. Dlring the past decades, the Clean Air Act established
the Environmental Protection 1qercj (EPA) with the responsibili~ to
issue regulations for clean up am to protect the environment. The
coating am printing ink industries have felt growing pressure to shift
from solvent-based to water-based systems since 1970 after the
establishment of EPA. Initial trials were mde to recover solvent in
the plants. For a long-term strategy, mny suppliers am users began to
evaluate water-based coatings am printing ink systems.
Description:Water-based technology has undergone revolutionary changes during the past two decades. Interest in the properties and uses of water-based coatings, paints and inks has continued to grow since the establishment of the Clean Air Act of 1970. The present book is devoted to recent developments and tren
