Surface modification of high-performance aramid and polyethylene fibres for improved adhesive ...

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Surface modification of high-performance aramid and
polyethylene fibres for improved adhesive bonding to epoxy
resins
Citation for published version (APA):
Mercx, F. P. M. (1996). Surface modification of high-performance aramid and polyethylene fibres for improved
adhesive bonding to epoxy resins. [Phd Thesis 1 (Research TU/e / Graduation TU/e), Chemical Engineering and
Chemistry]. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR455550
DOI:
10.6100/IR455550
Document status and date:
Published: 01/01/1996
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SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
HIGH-PERFORMANCE ARAMlD AND
POLY ETHYLENE FIBRES FOR
IMPROVED ADHESIVE BONDING TO
EPOXY RESINS
Cover:
Typical surface structure of air-plasma-treated PE tapes, showing many
small pits (see chapter 5)
Omslag:
Karakteristieke oppervlaktestructuur van een met lucht-plasma behandelde
PE film (zie hoofdstuk 5)
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
HIGH-PERFORMANCE ARAMlD AND
POL YETHYLENE FIBRES FOR
IMPROVED ADHESIVE BONDING TO
EPOXY RESINS
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit
Eindhoven, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, prof. dr. J.H. van Lint,
voor een commissie aangewezen door het College van Dekanen in het
openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 7 maart 1996 om 16. 00 uur
door
Franciscus Petros Maria Mercx
Geboren te Halsteren
Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door
de promotoren prof. dr. P.J. Lemstra
prof. dr. ir. J. van Turnhout
en de copromotor dr. ing. A.A.J.M. Peijs
Contents
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduetion 1
1.1 Fibre-Reinforced Polymers 1
1.2 Adhesion 2
1.3 Developments in Aramid Fibre-Matrix and PE Fibre-Matrix Adhesion 4
1.3.1 Aramid Fibre-Matrix Adhesion 4
1.3.2 Polyethylene Fibre-Matrix Adhesion 7
1.4 Objective of the Present Investigation 8
1.5 Outline of the Thesis 9
1.6 References 10
Part A: Aramid Fibres
Chapter 2 The Selective Introduetion of Specific Organic 15
Groups at the Surface of Aramid Fibres: A
Model Compound Study
2.1 Introduetion 15
2.2 Experimental 15
2.2.1 Materials 15
2.2.2 Reactions 16
2.2.3 Characterization Methods 17
2.3 Results and Discussion 17
2.3.1 Chemica! Structure 17
2.3.2 Higher Homologues 23
2.3.3 Thermal Stability 24
2.3.4 Condusion 24
2.4 References 26
i i Contents
Chapter 3 Surface Modification of Aramid Fibres 27
3.1 Introduetion 27
3.2 Experimental 27
3.2.1 Reactions 27
3.2.2 X -ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 28
3.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy 28
3.2.4 Determination of Acthesion 28
3.2.5 Determination of Mechanical Properties 29
3.3 Results and Discussion 29
3.3.1 Chemical Structure 29
3.3.2 Acthesion and Mechanical Properties 33
3.4 References 35
Part B: Polyethylene Fibres
Chapter 4 Oxidative Acid Etching 39
4.1 Introduetion 39
4.2 Experimental 40
4.2.1 Prepararlon of Tapes 40
4.2.2 Acid Treatment 41
4.2.3 Determination of Acthesion 41
4.2.4 Determination of Mechanica} Properties 42
4.2.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 42
4.2.6 Infrared Spectroscopy 42
4.2.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy 42
4.3 Results 43
4.3.1 Acthesion versus Mechanical Properties 43
4.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 45
4.3.3 Weight Loss 47
4.3.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 47
4.3.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 48
4.4 Discussion 50
4.5 References 52
Contents iii
Chapter 5 Air- and Ammonia-Plasma Treatment 55
5.1 Introduetion 55
5.2 Experimental 56
5.2.1 Polyethylene Tapes 56
5.2.2 Plasma Treatment 56
5.2.3 Adhesion, Mechanica! Properties and 57
Chemica! Characterization
5.2.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy 57
5.3 Influence of Process Parameters 58
5.4 Results and Discussion 59
5.4.1 Tape Charaterization 59
5.4.2 Acthesion and Failure Mode 65
5.4.3 Mechanism of Acthesion 67
5.5 Conclusions 71
5.6 References 72
Chapter 6 Corona Grafting of Acrylic Acid 75
6.1 Introduetion 75
6.2 Exp erimental 75
6.2.1 Polyethylene Tapes 75
6.2.2 Corona Grafting 76
6.2.3 Characterization 76
6.3 Results and Discussion 76
6.3.1 Tape Characterization 77
6.3.2 Acthesion and Mechanica! Properties 80
6.3.3 Surface Treatment and Shear Strength 80
6.4 References 81
Epilogue The Role of Fibre Anisotropy and Adhesion on 83
Composite Performance
iiii Contents
Summary 88
Samenvatting 92
Curriculum Vitae 96
Dankwoord 97