Surface Imaging for Biomedical Applications

326 Pages·2014·41.821 MB·English

by  Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani

Biomedical Medicine
Hani
SURFACE IMAGING
for
S
U
BIOMEDICAL
R
F
A
APPLICATIONS
C
E

I
M
Based on hospital clinical trials examining the use of signal and image
processing techniques, Surface Imaging for Biomedical Applications bridges A
the gap between engineers and clinicians. This text offers a thorough analysis
G
of biomedical surface imaging to medical practitioners as it relates to the
diagnosis, detection, and monitoring of skin conditions and disease. Written I
N
from an engineer’s perspective, the book discusses image acquisition methods,
image processing, and pattern recognition techniques. It focuses on a variety of G
techniques used in recent years for image processing and pattern recognition

(principal component analysis, independent component analysis, singular value f
o
decomposition, texture modeling, inverse model analysis, polynomial surface
r
fitting, and classification techniques), and considers interventional and non-
invasive procedures used to diagnose skin-related disease. B
I
O
It examines the biological causation of four skin disorders (psoriasis, vitiligo,
ulcer, and acne), provides basic terminologies in surface imaging, and details M
the outcome of various clinical observations and other research. It also details
E
numerous measurement parameters related to surface imaging (body surface,
D
skin color, tissue characteristic, thickness, roughness, volume of skin, and retinal
changes). I
C
• Discusses the development of the α-PASI, a psoriasis severity A
measurement tool L
• Provides material on assessing segmented repigmentation areas in
A
vitiligo patients via VT-Scan
• Introduces a volume ulcer assessment using non-invasive 3D P
imaging P
• Presents an automated system for acne grading that is based on L
I
capturing the images of various body parts using the DSLR camera C
• Includes the MATLAB® codes for various pattern recognition
A
techniques applied during the assessment/measurement at the
end of each chapter T
I
O
This interdisciplinary reference highlights the importance of disease diagnosis
N
and monitoring, and is suitable for medical practitioners, biomedical engineers,
and core image processing researchers. S
K22023
ISBN: 978-1-4822-1578-6
90000
9 781482215786
K22023_COVER_final.indd 1 2/12/14 3:34 PM
SURFACE IMAGING
for
BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS

SURFACE IMAGING
for
BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
Edited by
Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Perak, Malaysia
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not
warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® soft-
ware or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular
pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140114
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-1579-3 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.
com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood
Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and
registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC,
a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
The year that I have spent writing and editing this book was made possible with
the unwavering support of my research students: Hermawan, Esa, Fitriyah,
Nejood, Evan; my colleagues: Dr. Aamir, Dr. Majdi; and my collaborators:
Hospital Kuala Lumpur dermatologists: Dr. Azura, Dr. Suraiya, Dr. Felix. Their
perseverance and undying search for answers during the course of the research
work and clinical studies have led to this piece of work. Thus, I would like to
dedicate this work to them for their dedication, perseverance, and patience.

Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................xi
About the Editor ..................................................................................................xiii
1 Skin Surface Roughness Measurement for Assessing Scaliness
of Psoriasis Lesions ........................................................................................1
Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani and Esa Prakasa
2 Determination of Lesion Color for Clustering Psoriasis Erythema ......51
Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani and Esa Prakasa
3 Body Surface Area Measurement for Lesion Area Assessment ..........87
Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani and Esa Prakasa
4 Skin Lesion Thickness Assessment ........................................................123
Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani and Hurriyatul Fitriyah
5 Analysis of Skin Pigmentation ................................................................181
Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani, Hermawan Nugroho,
and Norashikin Shamsudin
6 Quantitative Assessment of Ulcer Wound Volume .............................219
Ahmad Majdi A. Rani, Ahmad Fadzil Mohamad Hani,
Nejood El-Tegani, Evan Chong, and Ankur Sagar
7 Grading of Acne Vulgaris Lesions ..........................................................273
Aamir Saeed Malik, Jawad Humayun, Felix Boon-Bin Yap, and Javed Khan
vii

Preface
As the editor and contributing author, I am motivated and compelled to write
and compile this book after several clinical observational studies at Hospital
Kuala Lumpur that investigated the use of signal and imaging processing
techniques in dermatology for diagnostic and monitoring of skin diseases.
In clinical practice, dermatologists use both visual and tactile inspec-
tions to determine types and conditions of skin disorders. These inspection
methods are highly subjective and thus require extensive training for use in
clinical practice. Since 2004, we have been working with dermatologists in
Hospital Kuala Lumpur on various skin disorders in developing objective
measurement tools for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. Our measure-
ment tools are developed based on image processing techniques combined
with signal and statistical analyses, and are not only objective but also highly
accurate.
In this book, we report the development of a psoriasis severity measure-
ment tool called alpha-PASI that performs the Psoriasis Area Severity Index
(PASI) gold standard that covers psoriasis lesion erythema, area, thickness,
and scaliness. Several signal and image modalities are used. For example,
2D color data is used for determining lesion area, spectrophotometer data
for lesion erythema while 3D surface imaging is used to determine thickness
and scaliness of lesions.
The physician’s global assessment of pigmentary skin disorders such
as vitiligo, requires visual inspection by dermatologist, but pigmenta-
tion changes due to treatment take three to six months to discern visually.
Therapeutic responses of vitiligo treatments are typically very slow and time
consuming, and patients respond differently to treatments. Based on skin
color model and using advanced image techniques with independent com-
ponent analysis, the developed VT-Scan enables us to detect minute changes
in pigmentation of the skin due to abnormal melanin production, thus reduc-
ing the interval between observations to several weeks. With VT-Scan, der-
matologists are able to segment vitiligo areas and determine repigmentation
areas accurately, allowing the assessment to be conducted within a shorter
duration of six weeks compared to the typical three to six months.
The effectiveness of a treatment regime for chronic ulcers can be estimated
by measuring changes in the ulcer wound. However, current ulcer manage-
ment based on visual observation of the ulcer’s conditions is not sufficient to
determine treatment efficacy. Invasive methods for wound measurements
are time consuming and often result in inconsistency of patient care. We
have developed a volume ulcer assessment that uses non-invasive 3D imag-
ing techniques to determine ulcer volume objectively. 3D laser scanning
ix