Supporting Ownership: Swedish Development Cooperation with Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda

252 Pages·2003·9.89 MB·English

Supporting Ownership
Supporting Ownership –SwedishDevelopment
Cooperation withKenya, Tanzania, and Uganda
SwedishDevelopment Cooperation withKenya, Tanzania, and Uganda
Looking at Swedishdevelopment cooperation with three countries
inEast Africa, Kenya, TanzaniaandUganda, this study tries tofind
Volume II: Country Studies
out how alongstanding Swedishpolicy of facilitating and
promotingpartner country ownership ofdevelopment aid has been
John Weeks
translated intopractice. Ineachcountry,half adozen projects and
David Andersson
programs areexamined indepth.
Chris Cramer
The conclusions of the study are relevant todevelopment Alemayehu Geda
cooperation generally.With the shift fromprojects toprograms Degol Hailu
and the increasing needfor coordination between donors, the Frank Muhereza
contextualparameters for implementing apro-ownership policy Matteo Rizzi
arechanging. While program support canfacilitateownership, the Eric Ronge
linkis by no means automatic.Owne rship canbe und ermined by HowardStein
policy conditionalities orby lacko fadministrativeand techni cal
capacity in the partner country.
The shift toprogramaid alsoaff ects the ability of donors to
promotepopular participation and broader stakeholder ownership
of the activities that they support.In the context ofprogram
assistance, the government is responsible toprogram
beneficiaries and other citizens through the generaldemocratic
processes rather thanthrough r epresentation by donors.Popular
ownership canonly beassessed through anevaluation of the
functioning ofdemocraticinstitutions.
SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
COOPERATION AGENCY
Department for EvaluationandInternalAudit
Address:SE-105 25Stockholm,Sweden.
Visitingaddress:Sveavägen 20,Stockholm.
Tel:[phone].Fax:[phone]. SidaEVALUATION 02/33:1
E-mail:[email protected] www .sida.se
Supporting Ownership:
SwedishDevelopment
Cooperation withKenya,
Tanzania, and Uganda
Volume II: Country Studies
John Weeks
David Andersson
Chris Cramer
Alemayehu Geda
Degol Hailu
Frank Muhereza
Matteo Rizzo
Eric Ronge
HowardStein
Sida EVALUATION 02/33:1
This reportis part of SidaEvaluations,a series comprisingevaluations of Swedishdevelopment assistance.
Sida’s other series concerned withevaluations,SidaStudies inEvaluation,concerns methodologically oriented
studies commissionedby Sida.Both series areadministered by theDepartment for EvaluationandInternal
Audit,anindependentdepartment reportingdirectly toSida’s BoardofDirectors .
Reports may beorderedfrom:
Infocenter,Sida
S-105 25Stockholm
Telephone:[phone]
Telefax:([phone]
E-mail:[email protected]
Reports arealsoavailab le todownloadat:
http://www.sida.se
Authors:DavidAndersson,Chris Cramer,Alemayehu Geda,DegolHailu,FrankMuhereza,MatteoRizzi,
EricRonge,HowardStein andJohnWeeks
The views andinterpretations expressedin this report are theauthors’and donot necessarily reflect those
of theSwedishInternationalDevelopment Cooperation Agency,Sida.
SidaEvaluation02/33:1
Commissionedby Sida,Department for EvaluationandInternalAudit
Copyright:Sidaandtheauthors
RegistrationNo.:1998-01840
DateofFin alReport:December 2002
Printedby ElandersNovum
Art.no.SIDA2070en
ISBN91-586-8736-x
ISSN1401-0402
SWEDISHINTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENTCOOPERATIONAGENCY
Address:S-105 25Stockh olm,Sweden.Office:Sveavägen 20,Stockholm
Telephone:[phone].Telefax:[phone]
Telegram: sida stockholm. Postgiro:156 34–9
E-mail:[email protected].
Homepage:http://www.sida.se
Author’s Preface
TheCDPRevaluation team thanks all those whoprovided theinforma-
tion to make this evaluationpossible.Many government officials, repre-
sentatives of civil society groups, and individuals generously gave their
time.Special t hanks go toSida s taff in Stockholm and in the countries
studied, whosehelpandopenness was key toour work.
The latter group will find in this report anumber of suggestions for
changes inSidapractice. Thecritical subtext of these suggestions reflects
thegapbetweenpracticeand thelofty anddifficult goals that Sidaprofes-
sionals have set themselves.Promoting recipient ‘ownership’ of projects
and programs is a radicalage nda, which involves adif ficult process of
reflection upon theagency’s past work.The willingness of staff toengage
in this process reflects the resilienceand adaptability of theagency.
Sida’s ability tofoster ownershipineachof thecountries is facilitatedby
afundamentalcharacteristicof the organisation:its institutional self-in-
terest is moreconsistent witha b roadand deep ownership agenda than
for any other significant donor inEast Africa.
Transferring control of projects and programs has profound implica-
tions,for the relationshipbetweenSwedenandits development partners,
for theinternaloperations of Sida,andfor theday-to-day workofSida
professionals in Stockholm and in the field. The evaluation team was
acutely awareof the seriousness of theevaluation taskand thepotentially
important role this report might play in futureSwedishaid policy.Our
hopeis that thecare wehave takeninpreparing the reportmatches the
seriousness of theendeavour.

Table of Contents
List of Acronyms................................................................................ iv
ExecutiveSummary –Kenya .........................................................ix
ExecutiveSummary –Uganda ......................................................xi
ExecutiveSummary –Ta nzania..................................................xiii
Introduction............................................................................................1
Sida and Partner Country Ownership..........................................3
PART I–KENY A
1. Kenya and the Donors –The Macro-Economic
Context ........................................................................................9
TheMacroeconomicEnvironment................................................ 9
Poverty andInequality .................................................................12
InternationalInstitutions:WorldBank,IMFand
ProgramAid .................................................................................13
Kenya’s Major DonorsandSida’s Position..................................18
2.Sida P rograms and Projects in Kenya...........................22
Introduction:Programand Project selection...............................22
Debt Management,1985–1995 ...................................................23
HealthSector Program................................................................29
NationalAgricultureand LivestockExtension Program .............38
NationalCivicEducationProgram..............................................46
KenyaFederationof WomenLawyers.........................................51
LakeVictoriaInitiative.................................................................56
i
3.Review of Ownership in Kenya..........................................59
InstitutionalConstraints ...............................................................59
Bilateralor MultilateralAssistance? .............................................60
Nationalor LocalOwnership?.....................................................62
OwnershipandConditionality.....................................................63
PART II –UGANDA
1Uganda a nd the Donors –The Macroeconomic
Context......................................................................................67
TheMacroeconomicEnvironment.............................................. 69
Poverty andInequality .................................................................72
InternationalInstitutions:WorldBank,IMFandProgramAid ..74
Uganda’s Major DonorsandSida’s Position...............................77
2Sida P rograms and Projects in Uganda........................82
Introduction:Programand Project Selection ..............................82
UgandaParticipatoryPoverty Assessment Project....................... 82
Water,Environment andSanitation.............................................85
HealthSector Support .................................................................93
HumanRights and Democracy...................................................97
TheJusticeLaw andOrder SWAp..............................................98
Support toHumanRights Inf ormationNetwork ......................102
FinancialSystems Development Program .................................107
CoffeeMarketing .......................................................................110
3Review of Ownership in Uganda.....................................112
InstitutionalConstraints onOwnership.....................................112
Bilateraland MultilateralAssistance? ........................................114
Nationalor LocalOwnership?...................................................116
OwnershipandConditionality...................................................120
PART III –TANZANIA
1. Tanzania and the Donors –The Macroeconomic
Context....................................................................................127
ThePolitical,Socialand EconomicContext.............................127
Trends inAidFlows ...................................................................131
Sidain Tanzania........................................................................ 137
Tanzania’s Major DonorsandSida’s Position...........................140
2.Sida P rograms and Projects in Tanzania....................142
Introduction:Programs andProjects Selection..........................142
ii
Budget Support..........................................................................142
EducationSector Development Program (EducationSWAp) ..150
FEMINAHealthInformationProject....................................... 161
Healthand SanitationThroughWater...................................... 168
Support tothe PrivateSector..................................................... 177
CivilServiceReform(NationalBureau of Statistics).................183
3.Review of Ownership in Tanzania...................................189
InstitutionalConstraints onOwnership.....................................189
Ownershipover theProject Cycle..............................................191
MultipleOwnership...................................................................192
Ownershipas theProduct of Process andConflict................... 194
SidaAttitudes and theMeaningof Ownership.........................196
OwnershipandConditionality...................................................198
PART IV –CONCLUSION
1. OwnershipShouldbeEvident in the Country
Strategy Process...................................................................201
2.Owners hipShouldbeaConsiderationinProject
Identification,Selection,Implementationand
Follow-up.............................................................................202
3.Projects and Programs shouldbeDesigned to
Foster PartnerCountry Ownership.....................................203
4. Development AssistanceShould Aim toEnhancePopular
Ownership...........................................................................204
5. OwnershipShouldbeAddressedinCo-operation
andCo-ordination withother Donors ................................205
Appendix I: Tables...........................................................................207
Appendix II: List of Persons Interviewed ................................216
Appendix III: Bibliography.............................................................223
iii
List of Acronyms
ACFODE ActionFor Development
ADF AfricanDevelopment Foundation
AfDB AfricanDevelopment Bank
AIDS AcquiredImmunity Deficiency Syndrome
A-in-A Aid-in-Appropriation
BC BritishCouncil
BEDC BasicEducationDevelopment Committee
BoU Bankof Uganda
CAO Chief AdministrativeOfficer
CBOsComm unity-BasedOrganisations
CBR Centrefor BasicResearch
CCCC CapitalCost Community Contribution
CCM ChamaChaMapanduzi
CDF ComprehensiveDevelopment Framework
CDPR Centrefor Development Policy andResearch
CDRN Community Development ResearchNetwork
CEDMAC ConstitutionalEducationfor theMarginalisedCategories
CG ConsultativeGroup
CHADEMA ChamachaDemokrasianaMaendeleo
CHDC ChildHealthand Development Centre
CIDA CanadianInternationalDevelopment Agency
CMSA CapitalMarket andSecurity Authority
ComSec CommonwealthSecretariat
CRE-CO ConstitutionalReformEducationConsortium
CSD CivilServiceDepartment
CSOsCivil Society Organisations
CSRP CivilServiceReformProgram
CSS Chamber of SouthernSweden
CUF CivicUnitedFront
DAC Development Assistant Committee
iv
DANIDA DanishAgency for InternationalDevelopment Assistance
DAOsDistrict AgriculturalOfficers
DDP District Development Program
DfID Department for ForeignInternationalDevelopment
DHMB District HealthManagement Board
DHP DistrictHealthPlans
DM Debt Management
DMD Debt Management Division
DRC DemocraticRepublicof Congo
DRT Development Researchand Training
DSWP Dutch sponsoredDomesticWater Supply Program
DWD DirectorateofWa ter Development
EAC East AfricanCo-Operation
EADCF East AfricanDevelopment CommunicationFoundation
EAM East AfricanMovies
EC EuropeanCommission
ECEP TheEcumenicalConstitutionalEduca tionProgram
EDF EuropeanDevelopment Fund
EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
EPOPA Export Promotionof OrganicProducts fromAfrica
EPRC EconomicPolicy ResearchCentre
ESAF EnhancedStructuralAdjustment Facility
ESDP EducationSector Development Program
EU EuropeanUnion
FAWE Forumfor WomenEducationalists
FEF Friends of theEnvironment Foundation
FHRI Foundationfor HumanRights Initiative
FIDA TheKenyaFederationof WomenLawyers
FINNIDA FinishInternationalDevelopment Agency
FMA FinancialManagement Agency
FSD TheFinancialSystems Development Program
GDP Gross DomesticProduct
GoK Government of Kenya
GoS Government of Sweden
GoT Government of Tanzania
GoU Government of Uganda
GoU-MFPED Government of UgandaMinistry of Finance,Planning
andEconomicDevelopment
GoU-MWLE Government of UgandaMinistry of Water,Landand
theEnvironment
v
GTZ GermanDevelopment Co-operation
HBS HouseholdBudget Survey
HDI HumanDevelopment Index
HESAWA Healthand SanitationThroughWater
HIID HarvardInstituteofInternationalDevelopment