Supplementary cementing materials in concrete

195 Pages·2013·17.685 MB·English

by  Michael D A Thomas

Supplementary

Cementing Materials

in Concrete

Michael Thomas

A SPON BOOK

Supplementary
Cementing Materials
in Concrete

Supplementary
Cementing Materials
in Concrete
Michael Thomas
Boca Raton London New York
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Version Date: 20121128
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Contents
Preface ix
About the Author xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What Are SCMs? 1
1.2 History of Use 2
2 Origin and nature of SCMs 5
2.1 General 5
2.2 Fly Ash 8
2.2.1 Production of fly ash 8
2.2.2 Composition and properties of fly ash 9
2.2.3 Fly ash beneficiation 15
2.2.4 Fly ash classification 16
2.3 Slag 18
2.3.1 Production of slag 18
2.3.2 Composition and properties of slag 19
2.3.3 Classification of slag 21
2.4 Silica Fume 22
2.4.1 Production of silica fume 22
2.4.2 Composition and properties of silica fume 22
2.4.3 Silica fume product forms 25
2.5 Natural Pozzolans 26
2.5.1 Types of natural pozzolans 26
2.5.2 Glassy volcanic pozzolans 27
2.5.3 Volcanic tuff 28
2.5.4 Calcined clay and shales 28
v
vi Contents
2.5.5 Diatomaceous earth and opaline silica 29
2.5.6 Rice husk ash 29
3 Chemical reactions of SCMs in concrete 31
3.1 Pozzolanic Reactions 31
3.2 Hydration of Slag 36
3.3 Effect of SCMs on the Hydration of Portland Cement 37
3.4 Effect of SCMs on the Pore Solution Composition 39
4 Microstructure of portland cement—SCM systems 45
4.1 Pore Structure 45
4.2 Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) 53
4.3 Pore Blocking and Mass Transport 54
5 Properties of fresh concrete 57
5.1 Workability and Water Demand 57
5.2 Bleeding 62
5.3 Air Entrainment 63
5.4 Setting Time 65
6 Temperature rise and risk of thermal cracking 69
6.1 Temperature Rise 69
6.2 Risk of Thermal Cracking 75
7 Mechanical properties 77
7.1 Compressive Strength 77
7.1.1 Effect of temperature 81
7.1.2 Temperature-matched curing 83
7.1.3 Cementing efficiency (or k value) concept 84
7.2 Flexural and Tensile Strength 86
7.3 Modulus of Elasticity 87
8 Volume stability 91
8.1 Chemical and Autogenous Shrinkage 91
8.2 Drying Shrinkage 93
8.3 Creep 95
8.4 Temperature Changes 100
Contents vii
9 Durability of concrete 103
9.1 Permeability 104
9.2 Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement,
Chloride Ingress, and Carbonation 105
9.2.1 Corrosion of steel reinforcement 105
9.2.2 Chloride ingress 109
9.2.3 Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) 115
9.2.4 Carbonation 118
9.3 Resistance to Freezing and Thawing,
and De-Icer Salt Scaling 126
9.4 Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) 136
9.5 Sulfate Attack 145
9.6 Heat-Induced Delayed Ettringite Formation 153
9.7 Physical Salt Attack 156
9.8 Other Forms of Chemical Attack 158
9.9 Abrasion, Erosion, and Cavitation 159
10 Specifications 161
10.1 ASTM Specifications for SCMs 161
10.2 ASTM Specifications for Blended Cements—
ASTM C 595 163
10.3 ASTM Performance Specification for
Hydraulic Cements—ASTM C 1157 164
References 167