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Supervision des réseaux pair à pair structurés appliquée à la sécurité des contenus Thibault Cholez To cite this version: Thibault Cholez. Supervision des réseaux pair à pair structurés appliquée à la sécurité des contenus. Réseaux et télécommunications [cs.NI]. Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2011. Français. ￿NNT: ￿. ￿tel-00608907￿ HAL Id: tel-00608907 https://theses.hal.science/tel-00608907 Submitted on 15 Jul 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. D´epartement de Formation Doctorale en Informatique E´cole doctorale IAEM Lorraine UFR Facult´e des Sciences et Technologies Supervision des r´eseaux pair `a pair structur´es appliqu´ee `a la s´ecurit´e des contenus ` THESE pr´esent´ee et soutenue publiquement le 23 juin 2011 pour l’obtention du Doctorat de l’universit´e Henri Poincar´e – Nancy 1 (sp´ecialit´e informatique) par Thibault Cholez Composition du jury Pr´esident : Claude Godart Professeur `a l’ESSTIN, Nancy Universit´e Rapporteurs : Matthieu Latapy Directeur de recherche CNRS au LIP6 Ludovic M´e Professeur `a Sup´elec-Rennes Examinateurs : Ernst Biersack Professeur `a EURECOM Isabelle Chrisment Professeur `a l’ESIAL, Nancy Universit´e Olivier Festor Directeur de recherche `a l’INRIA Nancy - Grand Est Invit´e : Guillaume Doyen Maˆıtre de conf´erences `a l’UTT Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications — UMR 7503 ▼✐s ❡♥ ♣❛❣❡ ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ t❤❧♦r✐❛✳ ❘❡♠❡r❝✐❡♠❡♥ts ❈❡tt❡ t❤Łs❡ ❡st ❧❡ ❢r✉✐t ❞✬✉♥ ❧♦♥❣ tr❛✈❛✐❧ ❞♦♥t ❧✬❛❜♦✉t✐ss❡♠❡♥t ❞♦✐t ❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ (cid:224) ❧✬❛✐❞❡ ❡t ❛✉ s♦✉t✐❡♥ ❞❡ q✉❡❧q✉❡s ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡s q✉❡ ❥❡ t✐❡♥s (cid:224) r❡♠❡r❝✐❡r ❛✈❛♥t t♦✉t✳ ❏❡ t✐❡♥s t♦✉t ❞✬❛❜♦r❞ (cid:224) r❡♠❡r❝✐❡r ▼❛tt❤✐❡✉ ▲❛t❛♣② ❡t ▲✉❞♦✈✐❝ ▼Ø ♣♦✉r ❧❡ t❡♠♣s q✉✬✐❧s ♦♥t ❝♦♥s❛❝rØ (cid:224) ❧❛ r❡❧❡❝t✉r❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐t✱ ❛✐♥s✐ q✉❡ ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡s ♠❡♠❜r❡s ❞✉ ❥✉r② ♣♦✉r ❧✬✐♥tØrŒt q✉✬✐❧s ♣♦rt❡♥t (cid:224) ♠❡s tr❛✈❛✉①✳ ❊♥s✉✐t❡✱ ❥✬❛❞r❡ss❡ ♠❡s ♣❧✉s ❝❤❛❧❡✉r❡✉① r❡♠❡r❝✐❡♠❡♥ts (cid:224) ■s❛❜❡❧❧❡ ❈❤r✐s♠❡♥t✱ ♠❛ ❞✐r❡❝tr✐❝❡ ❞❡ t❤Łs❡✱ ♣♦✉r s❡s ♣rØ❝✐❡✉① ❝♦♥s❡✐❧s✱ s❛ ❣❡♥t✐❧❧❡ss❡ ❡t ❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥❝❡ q✉✬❡❧❧❡ ♠✬❛ ❛❝❝♦r❞Ø❡ ❞✉r❛♥t t♦✉t❡s ❝❡s ❛♥♥Ø❡s✳ ❏❡ r❡♠❡r❝✐❡ t♦✉t ❛✉t❛♥t ❖❧✐✈✐❡r ❋❡st♦r✱ ❞✐r❡❝t❡✉r ❞❡ ❧✬Øq✉✐♣❡ ♣r♦❥❡t ■◆❘■❆ ▼❆❉❨◆❊❙✱ ♣♦✉r ♠✬❛✈♦✐r ❛❝❝✉❡✐❧❧✐ ❛✉ s❡✐♥ ❞❡ ❧✬Øq✉✐♣❡ ❡t ♣♦✉r ♠✬❛✈♦✐r Ø❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛❣♥Ø t♦✉t ❛✉ ❧♦♥❣ ❞❡ ❧❛ t❤Łs❡✳ ▲❡ t❡♠♣s q✉✬✐❧s ♠✬♦♥t ❝♦♥s❛❝rØ ❡t ❧✬❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❜✐❡♥✈❡✐❧❧❛♥t❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ q✉✬✐❧s♠✬♦♥t♣♦rtØ❡♦♥tØtØ❧❡s♠❡✐❧❧❡✉rs❞❡s❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥ts✳▲❡s♥♦♠❜r❡✉s❡s❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥sq✉❡♥♦✉s ❛✈♦♥s♣✉❛✈♦✐r♠✬♦♥t❣r❛♥❞❡♠❡♥t❡♥r✐❝❤✐✱s❝✐❡♥t✐✜q✉❡♠❡♥t✱♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥♥❡❧❧❡♠❡♥t❡t❤✉♠❛✐♥❡♠❡♥t✳ ❏❡ r❡♠❡r❝✐❡ Ø❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡ ❉♦②❡♥ ♣♦✉r ♠✬❛✈♦✐r ❛❝❝✉❡✐❧❧✐ (cid:224) ❧✬❯❚❚ ❡t ❞♦♥♥Ø ❧✬♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐tØ ❞✬❛♣♣r♦❢♦♥❞✐r ♠❡s tr❛✈❛✉① ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡✳ ❏✬❛❞r❡ss❡ ✉♥ r❡♠❡r❝✐❡♠❡♥t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r (cid:224) ♣❧✉s✐❡✉rs ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡s ❛✈❡❝ q✉✐ ❥✬❛✐ ❡✉ ❧❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ tr❛✈❛✐❧❧❡r✱ st❛❣✐❛✐r❡s ❡t ✐♥❣Ø♥✐❡✉rs✱ ❞♦♥t ❧❡ sØr✐❡✉① ❡t ❧❛ q✉❛❧✐tØ ❞✉ tr❛✈❛✐❧ ♦♥t ♣❡r♠✐s✱ ♦✉tr❡ ❧✬♦❜✲ t❡♥t✐♦♥❞❡rØs✉❧t❛ts✱✉♥❡♥r✐❝❤✐ss❡♠❡♥t♠✉t✉❡❧✳❏❡r❡♠❡r❝✐❡❛✐♥s✐♣♦✉r❧❡✉r♣rØ❝✐❡✉s❡❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❋rØ❞Ør✐❝❇❡❝❦✱❏✉❛♥P❛❜❧♦❚✐♠♣❛♥❛r♦✱❈❤r✐st♦♣❤❡r❍Ø♥❛r❞✱❆♥❞r❡❡❛❖r♦s❛♥✉❡t●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡▼♦♥✲ t❛ss✐❡r✳ ❏❡ r❡♠❡r❝✐❡ Ø❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❘❛♣❤❛º❧ ▼❛♥❢r❡❞✐ ♣♦✉r ❧❡s ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ❡♥r✐❝❤✐ss❛♥t❡s Ø❝❤❛♥❣Ø❡s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❛♥t ❧✬✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞✬✉♥❡ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣♦✉r ❧❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t ❣t❦✲❣♥✉t❡❧❧❛✳ ❏❡ ♥✬♦✉❜❧✐❡ ♣❛s ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡ ♠❡s ❝♦❧❧Ł❣✉❡s ❞❡ ❧✬Øq✉✐♣❡ ▼❆❉❨◆❊❙ ❛✉ s❡✐♥ ❞❡ ❧❛q✉❡❧❧❡ ❧✬❛♠✲ ❜✐❛♥❝❡❞❡tr❛✈❛✐❧❡sttrŁs❛❣rØ❛❜❧❡❡t♣r♦♣✐❝❡❛✉①Ø❝❤❛♥❣❡s❛✉ss✐❜✐❡♥♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥♥❡❧sq✉❡♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧s✱ ❛✐♥s✐ q✉❡ ♠❡s ❛♠✐s ❞✉ ▲❖❘■❆ ♣♦✉r ❧❡✉r ❜♦♥♥❡ ❤✉♠❡✉r q✉♦t✐❞✐❡♥♥❡✳ ❈❡s tr❛✈❛✉① ♦♥t ØtØ ✜♥❛♥❝Øs ❡♥ ♣❛rt✐❡ ♣❛r ❧❡ ♣r♦❥❡t ▼❆P❊ ✭▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ P❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❢♦r ♣❡❞♦❝r✐♠✐♥❛❧✐t② ✜❣❤t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ tr❛✣❝ ♣r♦✜❧✐♥❣✮ ❞❡ ❧✬❆❣❡♥❝❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❘❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡✱ s♦✉s ❧❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t ❆◆❘✲✵✼✲❚▲❈❖▼✲✷✹✱ ♣❛r ❧❛ rØ❣✐♦♥ ▲♦rr❛✐♥❡✱ ❛✐♥s✐ q✉❡ ♣❛r ❧❡ ♣r♦❥❡t ●■❙ ✸❙●❙ ❆❈❉❆P✷P ✭❙✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡✱ ❙ßr❡tØ ❡t ❙Ø❝✉r✐tØ ❞❡s ●r❛♥❞s ❙②stŁ♠❡s ✿ ❆♣♣r♦❝❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ♣♦✉r ❧❛ ❞Øt❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞✬❛tt❛q✉❡s ❞❛♥s ❧❡s rØs❡❛✉① P✷P✮✳ ❏❡ t✐❡♥s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐Łr❡♠❡♥t (cid:224) r❡♠❡r❝✐❡r ❧❡ ❝♦♥s❡✐❧ rØ❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▲♦rr❛✐♥❡ ♣♦✉r ❛✈♦✐r s♦✉t❡♥✉ ♠❡s tr❛✈❛✉① ❡t ♣❧✉s ❣Ø♥Ør❛❧❡♠❡♥t ♣♦✉r s♦♥ ❡♥❣❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ ❢❛✈❡✉r ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡✳ ❏❡ r❡♠❡r❝✐❡ Ø❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❧❡ ▲❖❘■❆ ❡t ❧✬■◆❘■❆ ◆❛♥❝② ●r❛♥❞✲❊st ♣♦✉r ❧❡s ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❞❡ tr❛✈❛✐❧ ♦✛❡rt❡s ❛✉① ❝❤❡r❝❤❡✉rs✳ P❧✉s ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ❥❡ ♥❡ s❛✉r❛✐ ❛ss❡③ r❡♠❡r❝✐❡r ❧✬❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ❞❡ ♠❛ ❢❛♠✐❧❧❡ ❡t ♣❧✉s ♣❛rt✐❝✲ ✉❧✐Łr❡♠❡♥t ♠❡s ♣❛r❡♥ts ♣♦✉r ❧❡✉r ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ❡t ❧❡✉r s♦✉t✐❡♥ q✉♦t✐❞✐❡♥✳ ❱♦tr❡ s♦❧❧✐❝✐t✉❞❡ ❡st ❧❛ ❝❤♦s❡ ❧❛ ♣❧✉s ♣rØ❝✐❡✉s❡✳ ❆ t♦✉t❡s ❡t (cid:224) t♦✉s✱ ♠❡r❝✐✳ ✐ ✐✐ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡s ♠❛t✐Łr❡s ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❣Ø♥Ør❛❧❡ ✺ ✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❡s ❣Ø♥Ør❛✉① ❞✉ ♣❛✐r✲(cid:224)✲♣❛✐r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✷ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✸ ❊ss♦r ❞❡s rØs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷ Pr♦❜❧Ø♠❛t✐q✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✶ ❉Ø✜s ♠❛❥❡✉rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ Pr♦❜❧Ł♠❡s tr❛✐tØs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ■ ➱t❛t ❞❡ ❧✬❛rt ✶✸ ✶ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ❡t s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ❞❡s rØs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r ✶✺ ✶✳✶ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✶✳✶✳✶ ❘Øs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r ❛✈❡❝ s❡r✈❡✉r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✶✳✶✳✷ ❘Øs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r s❛♥s s❡r✈❡✉r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✶✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛✐s♦♥ ❞❡s ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s P✷P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✷ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ❞❡s rØs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✳✷✳✶ ▼Øt❤♦❞❡s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛✐s♦♥ ❞❡s ♠Øt❤♦❞❡s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷ ❙Ø❝✉r✐tØ ❞❡s ❝♦♥t❡♥✉s ❞❛♥s ❧❡s rØs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r ✸✼ ✷✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡♥✉s ✐❧❧Ø❣❛✉① ❡t ♣♦❧❧✉t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥✉s ✐❧❧Ø❣❛✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❙tr❛tØ❣✐❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧❧✉t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❧❧✉t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✶✳✹ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♣r♦♣♦sØ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✷ ▲✬❆tt❛q✉❡ ❙②❜✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✷✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✶ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡s ♠❛t✐Łr❡s ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥tr❡ ❧✬❛tt❛q✉❡ ❙②❜✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸ ▲❡ rØs❡❛✉ ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r ❑❆❉ ✺✸ ✸✳✶ ▼✐s❡ ❡♥ (cid:247)✉✈r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❉❍❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❊s♣❛❝❡ ❞✬❛❞r❡ss❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♥♥❡①✐♦♥ ❛✉ rØs❡❛✉ P✷P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❘♦✉t❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✶✳✹ ▼Ø❝❛♥✐s♠❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✷ ❊①♣Ør✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s s✉r ❧❡ rØs❡❛✉ ❑❆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ❞✉ rØs❡❛✉ ❑❆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❱✉❧♥Ør❛❜✐❧✐tØs ❞✉ rØs❡❛✉ ❑❆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ■■ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❝♦♥t❡♥✉s ❡t ❝♦♥tr(cid:244)❧❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✉r ❛❝❝Łs ✻✼ ✹ ➱✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♠Ø❝❛♥✐s♠❡s ❞❡ ❞Ø❢❡♥s❡ ❝♦♥tr❡ ❧✬❛tt❛q✉❡ ❙②❜✐❧ ✻✾ ✹✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❙✉✐✈✐ ❞❡ ♣❛q✉❡ts ❡t ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr❡ ❧✬✐♥♦♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✶✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❛❞r❡ss❡s ■P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❱Ør✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬✐❞❡♥t✐tØ ❞❡s ♣❛✐rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✷ ➱✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✷✳✶ ▼Øt❤♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❘Øs✉❧t❛ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✷✳✸ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺ ❍❆▼❆❈❑✱ ✉♥❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❞❡ ❤♦♥❡②♣♦ts ❞✐str✐❜✉Øs ✽✶ ✺✳✶ ❈♦♥tr(cid:244)❧❡ ❞✉ s②stŁ♠❡ ❞✬✐♥❞❡①❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❑❆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss✉s ❞❡ rØ❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❑❆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❙tr❛tØ❣✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr(cid:244)❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺✳✶✳✸ ▼♦❞Ł❧❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✷ ❋♦♥❝t✐♦♥♥❛❧✐tØs ❞✬❍❆▼❆❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✷✳✷ ➱❝❧✐♣s❡ ❞❡ rØ❢Ør❡♥❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❆♥♥♦♥❝❡ ❞❡ ✜❝❤✐❡rs ❛♣♣(cid:226)ts ❡t ❤♦♥❡②♣♦ts t❡r♠✐♥❛✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✸ ➱✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✸✳✶ ■♠♣❧❛♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❖♣t✐♠✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✷ ✺✳✸✳✸ ➱✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❛ttr❛❝t✐✈✐tØ ❞❡s ❍♦♥❡②♣❡❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✸✳✹ ❊①♣Ør✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥♥❛❧✐tØs ❛✈❛♥❝Ø❡s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✻ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ (cid:224) ❧❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❝♦♥t❡♥✉s ♣Ø❞♦♣❤✐❧❡s ✶✵✶ ✻✳✶ ❈♦❧❧❡❝t❡ ❞❡s ❞♦♥♥Ø❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♥❡♠❡♥t ❡①♣Ør✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✻✳✶✳✷ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥Ø❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✻✳✶✳✸ PrØs❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❞♦♥♥Ø❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✷ ◗✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❝♦♥t❡♥✉s ♣Ø❞♦♣❤✐❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✷✳✶ PrØ♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❞♦♥♥Ø❡s ❝♦❧❧❡❝tØ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❞❡s r❡q✉Œt❡s ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✻✳✷✳✸ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❞❡s r❡q✉Œt❡s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✻✳✷✳✹ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❞❡s ♣❛✐rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ■■■ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❛tt❛q✉❡s ❡t ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❉❍❚ ✶✷✶ ✼ ▼Øtr♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞❡s ❛tt❛q✉❡s ❝♦♥tr❡ ❧❛ ❉❍❚ ✶✷✸ ✼✳✶ ▼❡s✉r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❧❧✉t✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♠Ø❝❛♥✐s♠❡ ❞✬✐♥❞❡①❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✼✳✶✳✶ ❉Øt❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❧❧✉t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✼✳✶✳✷ ◗✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡t ❝❛r❛❝tØr✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❧❧✉t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✼✳✶✳✸ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♠Ø❝❛♥✐s♠❡ ❞✬✐♥❞❡①❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✼✳✷ ❉Øt❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥ts ❞❡ ♣❛✐rs s✉s♣❡❝ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✼✳✷✳✶ ❊①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉ rØs❡❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✼✳✷✳✷ ❉Øt❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣❛r ❞❡♥s✐tØ ❞❡s ♣❛✐rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ✼✳✷✳✸ ❉Øt❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣❛r ♣r♦①✐♠✐tØ ❛✉① r❡ss♦✉r❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ✽ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❉❍❚ ❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞Ør❛♥t ❧❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❛♥ts ✶✹✸ ✽✳✶ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s s❛✐♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✹ ✽✳✶✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t❤Ø♦r✐q✉❡ ❞❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❛♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺ ✽✳✶✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ rØ❡❧❧❡ ❞❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❛♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺ ✽✳✶✳✸ ❘Ł❣❧❡s ❞❡ sØ❝✉r✐tØ ♣rØ✈❡♥t✐✈❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✽ ✽✳✷ ▼♦❞Ł❧❡ ❞❡ ❞Øt❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ❛tt❛q✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵ ✽✳✷✳✶ ❆♥❛❧②s❡ ❞❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♣❛r ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❑✉❧❧❜❛❝❦✲▲❡✐❜❧❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵ ✽✳✷✳✷ ➱✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠Øt❤♦❞❡ ❞❡ ❞Øt❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✶ ✽✳✸ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr❡ ❧❡s ❛tt❛q✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✹ ✽✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥tr❡✲♠❡s✉r❡ s✉♣♣r✐♠❛♥t ❧❡s ♣❛✐rs s✉s♣❡❝ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✹ ✽✳✸✳✷ ➱✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥tr❡✲♠❡s✉r❡ ♣❛r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞✬❛tt❛q✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✺ ✸ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❞❡s ♠❛t✐Łr❡s ✽✳✹ ▼✐s❡ ❡♥ (cid:247)✉✈r❡ ❡t ❛♠Ø❧✐♦r❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✻ ✽✳✹✳✶ ■♠♣❧❛♥t❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✼ ✽✳✹✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞②♥❛♠✐q✉❡ ❞❡s ♣❛r❛♠Łtr❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✽ ✽✳✹✳✸ ❊①♣Ør✐♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr❡ ✉♥❡ ❛tt❛q✉❡ rØ❡❧❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✵ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❣Ø♥Ør❛❧❡ ✶✻✸ ✶ ❚r❛✈❛✐❧ rØ❛❧✐sØ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✸ ✷ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✺ Pr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥s ✶✻✼ ▲✐st❡ ❞❡s ✜❣✉r❡s ✶✻✾ ▲✐st❡ ❞❡s ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠❡s ✶✼✸ ▲✐st❡ ❞❡s t❛❜❧❡❛✉① ✶✼✺ ❆♥♥❡①❡s ✶✼✼ ❆ ❙❝❤Ø♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥Ø❡s ❞✬❍❆▼❆❈❑ ✶✼✼ ❆✳✶ ❚❛❜❧❡ ❦❡②✇♦r❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✼ ❆✳✷ ❚❛❜❧❡ s②❜✐❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✼ ❆✳✸ ❚❛❜❧❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✽ ❆✳✹ ❚❛❜❧❡ s❡❛r❝❤s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✽ ❆✳✺ ❚❛❜❧❡ s❡❛r❝❤❡❞✲❦❡②✇♦r❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✽ ❆✳✻ ❚❛❜❧❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✾ ❆✳✼ ❚❛❜❧❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞✲✜❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✾ ❆✳✽ ❚❛❜❧❡ ♣❡❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✾ ❆✳✾ ❚❛❜❧❡ ✐♣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✵ ❆✳✶✵❚❛❜❧❡ ❣❡♦❧♦❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✵ ❇ ❆♥❛❧②s❡s s✉♣♣❧Ø♠❡♥t❛✐r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥Ø❡s ✶✽✶ ❇✳✶ ◗✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♣❛r ♠♦t✲❝❧Ø ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✶ ❇✳✷ ❘❛t✐♦ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ✴ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✶ ❇✳✸ ➱t✉❞❡ ❞❡s ✜❝❤✐❡rs ♣✉❜❧✐Øs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✶ ❇✳✹ ➱t✉❞❡ ❞❡s ♣❛✐rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✶ ❈ ▲✐st❡ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❝♦♥t❡♥✉s ♣♦♣✉❧❛✐r❡s tØ❧Ø❝❤❛r❣Øs ❡♥ ✷✵✶✵ ✶✾✸ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡ ✶✾✼ ✹ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❣Ø♥Ør❛❧❡ ✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t❡ ❈❡tt❡ t❤Łs❡ ♣♦rt❡ s✉r ❧✬Øt✉❞❡ ❞❡s rØs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r✱ ❛♣♣❡❧Øs Ø❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ✓rØs❡❛✉① ♣♦st❡ (cid:224) ✶ ♣♦st❡ ✔✱ ♠❛✐s ♣❧✉s ❝♦♠♠✉♥Ø♠❡♥t ♥♦♠♠Øs ♣❛r ❧✬❛♥❣❧✐❝✐s♠❡ ✓rØs❡❛✉① ♣❡❡r t♦ ♣❡❡r✔✱ ❞♦♥t ♥♦✉s ✉t✐❧✐s❡r♦♥s ❧✬❛❜rØ✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✓rØs❡❛✉① P✷P✔✳ ▲❡s rØs❡❛✉① P✷P s♦♥t ✉♥ t②♣❡ ❞❡ rØs❡❛✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲ t✐q✉❡ ❞♦♥t ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐tØ ❡st ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❡ttr❡ ❧❛ ❞Ø❝♦✉✈❡rt❡ ❡t ❧✬Ø❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❡s ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s t❡r♠✐♥❛❧❡s✱ q✉✐ ❥♦✉❡♥t (cid:224) ❧❛ ❢♦✐s ❧❡ r(cid:244)❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t ❡t ❞❡ s❡r✈❡✉r✳ ◆♦✉s ♣rØs❡♥t♦♥s ❞❛♥s ❝❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐t ❞❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡s ♠Øt❤♦❞❡s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡s ❞✬❛♣✲ ♣rØ❤❡♥❞❡r ❧❡s ♣r♦❜❧Ł♠❡s ❞❡ sØ❝✉r✐tØ ❛✛❡❝t❛♥t ❧❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ♣❛rt❛❣Ø❡s ❛✉① s❡✐♥ ❞❡s rØs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r str✉❝t✉rØs✳ ❊♥ ❡✛❡t✱ ❧❡s rØs❡❛✉① P✷P Øt❛♥t ♣♦✉r ❧❛ ♣❧✉♣❛rt ♣✉❜❧✐❝s ❡t ❢❛✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t sØ❝✉r✐sØs✱ ❝❡✉①✲❝✐ s♦✉✛r❡♥t ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡✉s❡s ❛tt❛q✉❡s ❛✛❡❝t❛♥t ❧❛ ✜❛❜✐❧✐tØ ❞❡ ❧❡✉rs s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ▲❛ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧Łt❡♠❡♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉Ø❡ ❡t ❞②♥❛♠✐q✉❡ ❞❡s rØs❡❛✉① P✷P✱ ❧❡✉r t❛✐❧❧❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ❡t ❧❡s ❛tt❛q✉❡s ❞♦♥t ✐❧s s♦♥t ✈✐❝t✐♠❡s ❡♥ ❢♦♥t ❞❡s s②stŁ♠❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐Łr❡♠❡♥t ❞✐✣❝✐❧❡s (cid:224) s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡r ❡t (cid:224) sØ❝✉r✐s❡r ❡✣❝❛❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❈❡tt❡ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣rØs❡♥t❡ t♦✉t ❞✬❛❜♦r❞ ❧❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t❡ ❡t ❧❡s ♣r♦❜❧Ø♠❛t✐q✉❡s ❞❡ ❝❡tt❡ t❤Łs❡ ❡♥ Ø♥♦♥(cid:231)❛♥t ❧❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❡s ❣Ø♥Ør❛✉① ❞❡s rØs❡❛✉① P✷P✱ ❧❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❛ss♦❝✐Ø❡ ❡t ❧❡s ❝❛r❛❝tØr✐st✐q✉❡s ❛②❛♥t ♣❡r♠✐s ❧❡✉r ❡ss♦r✳ ◆♦✉s ♣rØs❡♥t❡r♦♥s ❡♥s✉✐t❡ ❧❡s ❞Ø✜s ❧✐Øs (cid:224) ❧✬Ø♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❛✉ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❡❞❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥♣✉✐s✱♣❧✉s♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐Łr❡♠❡♥t✱❧❡s♣r♦❜❧Ł♠❡str❛✐tØs❞❛♥s❝❡♠❛♥✉s❝r✐t✳ ✶✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❡s ❣Ø♥Ør❛✉① ❞✉ ♣❛✐r✲(cid:224)✲♣❛✐r ✶✳✶✳✶ ❯♥ rØs❡❛✉ ❞✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ▲❡s rØs❡❛✉① ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r s♦♥t ✉♥ t②♣❡ ❞❡ rØs❡❛✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐q✉❡✱ ❝✬❡st (cid:224) ❞✐r❡ ✉♥ ❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ✐♥✲ t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝tØ ❞✬♦r❞✐♥❛t❡✉rs ❛✉t♦♥♦♠❡s ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡s ❞✬Ø❝❤❛♥❣❡r ❞❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❈❤❛q✉❡ rØs❡❛✉ P✷P r❡s♣❡❝t❡ ❛✐♥s✐ ✉♥ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ q✉✐ ❧✉✐ ❡st ♣r♦♣r❡ ❡t q✉✐ ❞Ø✜♥✐t ❧❛ s②♥t❛①❡ ❡t ❧❛ sØ♠❛♥t✐q✉❡ ❞❡s ❞♦♥♥Ø❡s Ø❝❤❛♥❣Ø❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❡s ♥(cid:247)✉❞s✱ ❛✐♥s✐ q✉❡ ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❡♠❡♥t ❛tt❡♥❞✉ s✉✐t❡ (cid:224) ❧✬❡♥✈♦✐♦✉(cid:224)❧❛rØ❝❡♣t✐♦♥❞❡❝❡s❞♦♥♥Ø❡s✳▲❡srØs❡❛✉①P✷Ps♦♥t❝❡♣❡♥❞❛♥ttr✐❜✉t❛✐r❡s❞✬❛✉tr❡s♣r♦✲ t♦❝♦❧❡s ♣♦✉r ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥♥❡r ❝❛r ❝❡✉①✲❝✐ s♦♥t ❝♦♥str✉✐ts ♣♦✉r ❧❛ ♣❧✉♣❛rt ❛✉ ❞❡ss✉s ❞✉ rØs❡❛✉ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❝✬❡st♣♦✉rq✉♦✐♦♥♣❛r❧❡♣❛r❢♦✐s❞❡✓rØs❡❛✉❞✬♦✈❡r❧❛②✔✮✳▲❡srØs❡❛✉①P✷Pr❡♣♦s❡♥t❛✐♥s✐s✉r❧❡♣r♦✲ t♦❝♦❧❡ ■P ✓■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✔ ♣♦✉r r♦✉t❡r ❡t ❛❝❤❡♠✐♥❡r ❧❡s ❞♦♥♥Ø❡s ✈❡rs ❧❡s ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s t❡r♠✐♥❛❧❡s ❝♦♥♥❡❝tØ❡s(cid:224)❧✬■♥t❡r♥❡t✱♠❛✐sØ❣❛❧❡♠❡♥ts✉r❧❡s♣r♦t♦❝♦❧❡s❚❈P✓❚r❛♥s♠✐ss✐♦♥❈♦♥tr♦❧Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✔ ❡t ❯❉P ✓❯s❡r ❉❛t❛❣r❛♠ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✔ ♣♦✉r ❝♦♥tr(cid:244)❧❡r ❡t ♣❡r♠❡ttr❡ ❧❛ ❞Ø❧✐✈r❛♥❝❡ ❞❡s ♠❡ss❛❣❡s (cid:224) ❧✬❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛✐r (cid:224) ♣❛✐r✳ ◆♦✉s ✈❡rr♦♥s ♣❛r ❧❛ s✉✐t❡ q✉❡ ❝❡rt❛✐♥s rØs❡❛✉① P✷P ♠❡tt❡♥t Ø❣❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ (cid:247)✉✈r❡ ❞❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠❡s ❞❡ r♦✉t❛❣❡ ❡t ❞✬❛❞r❡ss❛❣❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s (cid:224) ❧✬✐♥st❛r ❞❡ ❝❡✉① ✉t✐❧✐sØs ♣❛r ❧❡ rØs❡❛✉ ■P✱ ❝❡ q✉✐ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❞✬❛✣r♠❡r ❧❡✉r ❛♣♣❛rt❡♥❛♥❝❡ ❛✉ ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡ ❞❡s rØs❡❛✉①✳ ❈❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t✱ ✶✳ ♣♦st❡✲(cid:224)✲♣♦st❡❡st❧❛tr❛❞✉❝t✐♦♥❢r❛♥(cid:231)❛✐s❡♦✣❝✐❡❧❧❡❞❡❧✬❛♥❣❧❛✐s♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r❞♦♥t♣❛✐r✲(cid:224)✲♣❛✐r❡st❝❡♣❡♥❞❛♥t✉♥ s②♥♦♥②♠❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❡ ❬❣❞t❡❞♥✵✻❪ ❬q❞❧❧❢✵✻❪✱ ❧❡s tr❛✐ts ❞✬✉♥✐♦♥ Øt❛♥t ♦♠✐s ❧♦rs ❞✬✉♥❡ ✉t✐❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥ t❛♥t q✉✬❛❞❥❡❝t✐❢✳ ✺

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215 Pages·2016·6.64 MB·French
by  Cholez, Thibault
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Cette thèse est le fruit d Nous présentons dans ce manuscrit de nouvelles méthodes de supervision capables d'ap- tocole IP Internet Protocol pour router et

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