Supercharge, Invasion, and Mudcake Growth in Downhole Applications (Advances in Petroleum Engineering)

520 Pages·2021·24.782 MB·English

by  Wilson Chin (editor), Tao Lu (editor), Xiaofei Qin (editor), Yongren Feng (editor), Yanmin Zhou (editor)

Supercharge, Invasion
and Mudcake Growth in
Downhole Applications
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Handbook of Petroleum Engineering Series
Series Editor: Wilson C. Chin
Scope: Covering every aspect of petroleum engineering, this new series sets the standard in best
practices for the petroleum engineer. This is a must-have for any petroleum engineer in today's
changing industry.
About the Series Editor:
Wilson Chin earned his PhD from M.I.T. and his M.Sc. from Caltech. He has authored over twenty
books with Wiley-Scrivener and other major scientific publishers, has more than four dozen domestic
and international patents to his credit, and has published over one hundred journal articles, in the areas
of reservoir engineering, formation testing, well logging, measurement while drilling, and drilling and
cementing rheology.
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Supercharge, Invasion
and Mudcake Growth in
Downhole Applications
by
Tao Lu, Xiaofei Qin,
Yongren Feng, Yanmin Zhou
and
Wilson Chin
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-28332-4
Cover image: Downhole Logging, Aleksei Zakirov | Dreamstime.com
Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Pressure Transient Analysis and Sampling in Formation
Testing 1
Pressure transient analysis challenges 1
Background development 3
1.1 Conventional Formation Testing Concepts 5
1.2 Prototypes, Tools and Systems 6
1.2.1 Enhanced Formation Dynamic Tester (EFDT®) 9
1.2.2 Basic Reservoir Characteristic Tester (BASIC-RCT™) 13
1.2.3 Enhancing and enabling technologies 15
Stuck tool alleviation 16
Field facilities 17
1.3 Recent Formation Testing Developments 17
1.4 References 20
2. Spherical Source Models for Forward and Inverse
Formulations 21
2.1 Basic Approaches, Interpretation Issues and Modeling
Hierarchies 23
Early steady flow model 23
Simple drawdown-buildup models 23
Analytical drawdown-buildup solution 25
Phase delay analysis 26
Modeling hierarchies 28
2.2 Basic Single-Phase Flow Forward and Inverse Algorithms 36
2.2.1 Module FT-00 36
2.2.2 Module FT-01 37
2.2.3 Module FT-03 38
2.2.4 Forward model application, Module FT-00 39
v
vi Contents
2.2.5 Inverse model application, Module FT-01 41
2.2.6 Effects of dip angle 43
2.2.7 Inverse “pulse interaction” approach using FT-00 46
2.2.8 FT-03 model overcomes source-sink limitations 49
2.2.9 Module FT-04, phase delay analysis, introductory
for now 52
2.2.10 Drawdown-buildup, Module FT-PTA-DDBU 55
2.2.11 Real pumping, Module FT-06 59
2.3 Advanced Forward and Inverse Algorithms 61
2.3.1 Advanced drawdown and buildup methods
Basic steady model 61
Validating our method 63
2.3.2 Calibration results and transient pressure curves 65
2.3.3 Mobility and pore pressure using first
drawdown data 67
2.3.3.1 Run No. 1. Flowline volume 200 cc 68
2.3.3.2 Run No. 2. Flowline volume 500 cc 69
2.3.3.3 Run No. 3. Flowline volume 1,000 cc 71
2.3.3.4 Run No. 4. Flowline volume 2,000 cc 73
2.3.4 Mobility and pore pressure from last buildup data 74
2.3.4.1 Run No. 5. Flowline volume 200 cc 74
2.3.4.2 Run No. 6. Flowline volume 500 cc 76
2.3.4.3 Run No. 7. Flowline volume 1,000 cc 77
2.3.4.4 Run No. 8. Flowline volume 2,000 cc 78
2.3.4.5 Run No. 9. Time-varying flowline
volume inputs from FT-07 79
2.3.5 Phase delay and amplitude attenuation,
anisotropic media with dip – detailed theory,
model and numerical results 81
2.3.5.1 Basic mathematical results 82
Isotropic model 82
Anisotropic extensions 82
Vertical well limit 83
Horizontal well limit 83
Formulas for vertical and horizontal wells 83
Deviated well equations 84
Deviated well interpretation for both kh
and kv 85
Two-observation-probe models 86
2.3.5.2 Numerical examples and typical results 88
Example 1. Parameter estimates 89
Contents vii
Example 2. Surface plots 90
Example 3. Sinusoidal excitation 91
Example 4. Rectangular wave excitation 94
Example 5. Permeability prediction at
general dip angles 96
Example 6. Solution for a random input 98
2.3.5.3 Layered model formulation 99
2.3.5.4 Phase delay software interface 100
2.3.5.5 Detailed phase delay results in layered
anisotropic media 103
2.3.6 Supercharging and formation invasion
introduction, with review of analytical forward
and inverse models 110
2.3.6.1 Development perspectives 111
2.3.6.2 Review of forward and inverse models 113
FT-00 model 113
FT-01 model 117
FT-02 model 118
FT-06 and FT-07 models 119
FT–PTA–DDBU model 122
Classic inversion model 123
Supercharge forward and inverse models 123
Multiple drawdown and buildup inverse
models 129
Multiphase invasion, clean-up and
contamination 133
System integration and closing remarks 138
2.3.6.3 Supercharging summaries - advanced
forward and inverse models explored 139
Supercharge math model development 139
Conventional zero supercharge model 141
Supercharge extension 142
2.3.6.4 Drawdown only applications 144
Example DD-1. High overbalance 144
Example DD-2. High overbalance 150
Example DD-3. High overbalance 154
Example DD-4. Qualitative pressure trends 158
Example DD-5. Qualitative pressure trends 161
Example DD-6. “Drawdown-only”
data with multiple inverse scenarios for
1 md/cp application 163
viii Contents
Example DD-7. “Drawdown-only”
data with multiple inverse scenarios for
0.1 md/cp application 168
2.3.6.5 Drawdown – buildup applications 173
Example DDBU-1. Drawdown-buildup,
high overbalance 173
Example DDBU-2. Drawdown-buildup,
high overbalance 177
Example DDBU-3. Drawdown-buildup,
high overbalance 180
Example DDBU-4. Drawdown-buildup,
1 md/cp calculations 184
Example DDBU-5. Drawdown-buildup,
0.1md/cp calculations 188
2.3.7 Advanced multiple drawdown – buildup (or,
“MDDBU”) forward and inverse models 193
2.3.7.1 Software description 193
2.3.7.2 Validation of PTA-App-11 inverse model 200
2.3.8 Multiphase flow with inertial effects –
Applications to borehole invasion, supercharging,
clean-up and contamination analysis 217
2.3.8.1 Mudcake dynamics 217
2.3.8.2 Multiphase modeling in boreholes 220
2.3.8.3 Pressure and concentration displays 222
Example 1. Single probe, infinite anisotropic media 223
Example 2. Single probe, three layer
medium 228
Example 3. Dual probe pumping, three layer
medium 230
Example 4. Straddle packer pumping 231
Example 5. Formation fluid viscosity imaging 233
Example 6. Contamination modeling 234
Example 7. Multi-rate pumping simulation 234
2.4 References 236
3 Practical Applications Examples 237
3.1 Non-constant Flow Rate Effects 238
3.1.1 Constant flow rate, idealized pumping, inverse method 239
3.1.2 Slow ramp up/down flow rate 245
3.1.3 Impulsive start/stop flow rate 250
Closing remarks 255