Table Of ContentSULFATE REDUCTION
FOR REMEDIATION OF
GYPSIFEROUS SOILS AND
SOLID WASTES
SSOO2
4 S2
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PIMLUCK KIJJANAPANICH
SULFATE REDUCTION FOR
REMEDIATION OF GYPSIFEROUS
SOILS AND SOLID WASTES
Thesis Committee
Thesis Promotor
Prof. dr. ir P.N.L. Lens
Professor of Biotechnology
UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education
Delft, The Netherlands
Thesis Co-Promotors
Prof. A.P. Annachhatre, PhD
Professor, Environmental Engineering and Management
Asian Institute of Technology
Pathum Thani, Thailand
Dr. Hab. E.D. van Hullebusch, Dr. Hab.,PhD, MSc
Hab. Associate Professor in Biogeochemistry
University of Paris-Est
Paris, France
Dr. G. Esposito, PhD, MSc
Assistant Professor of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering
University of Cassino and Southern Lazio
Cassino, Italy
Other Members
Dr. E. Şahinkaya, PhD
Istanbul Medeniyet University
Istanbul, Turkey
Dr. ir. S. Hiligsmann
University of Liège
Liège, Belgium
This research was conducted under the auspices of the Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate
Environmental Technologies for Contaminated Solids, Soils, and Sediments (ETeCoS3)
and The Netherlands Research School for the Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of
the Environment (SENSE).
Joint PhD degree in Environmental Technology
Docteur de l’Université Paris-Est
Spécialité : Science et Technique de l’Environnement
Dottore di Ricerca in Tecnologie Ambientali
Degree of Doctor in Environmental Technology
Thèse – Tesi di Dottorato – PhD thesis
Pimluck Kijjanapanich
Sulfate Reduction for Remediation of Gypsiferous Soils and Solid Wastes
To be defended 18th November 2013
In front of the PhD committee
Dr. ir. S. Hiligsmann Reviewer
Dr. E. Şahinkaya, PhD Reviewer
Prof. dr. ir P.N.L. Lens Promotor
Prof. A.P. Annachhatre, PhD Co-Promotor
Dr. G. Esposito, PhD, MSc Co-Promotor
Dr. Hab. E.D. van Hullebusch, PhD, MSc Co-Promotor
Prof. dr. habil. S. Uhlenbrook Vice Rector of UNESCO-IHE
Erasmus Joint doctorate programme in Environmental Technology for Contaminated Solids, Soils and
3
Sediments (cid:523)ETeCoS (cid:524)
Table of Contents
Chapter Title Page
Acknowledgement ix
Summary xi
Résumé xiii
Sommario xv
Samenvatting xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problem Description 2
1.2 Objectives 3
1.3 Structure of Thesis 4
1.4 References 5
2 Biological Sulfate Reduction for Treatment of Gypsum Contaminated 7
Soils, Sediments and Solid Wastes
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Soils, Sediments and Solid Waste Contaminated by Solid Sulfur 9
2.2.1 Soils 9
2.2.2 Sediments 10
2.2.3 Solid waste 11
2.3 Sulfate Reduction in Sediments (Natural Systems) 15
2.3.1 River and lake sediments 15
2.3.2 Marshes and wetlands sediments 16
2.3.3 Mangrove sediments 18
2.3.4 Sea sediments 19
2.4 Biological Treatment of Sulfate Minerals 20
2.4.1 Biological treatment process using sulfate reducing bacteria 20
(SRB)
2.4.2 Biological sulfate reduction 22
2.4.3 Solid sulfate as electron acceptor 23
2.4.4 Ex situ versus in situ treatment concepts 24
2.5 Sulfate Reduction in Soils and Solid Waste (Bioengineered Systems) 26
2.5.1 Soils 26
2.5.2 Solid wastes 26
2.6 Conclusions 29
2.7 References 29
3 Organic Substrates as Electron Donors in Permeable Reactive Barriers 37
for Removal of Heavy Metals from Acid Mine Drainage
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Material and Methods 39
3.2.1 Acid mine drainage (AMD) 39
3.2.2 Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) inoculums 40
3.2.3 Organic substrates 40
3.2.4 Batch experiments 40
3.2.5 Continuous column experiments 41
3.2.6 Analytical methods 42
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
3.3 Results and Discussion 42
3.3.1 Characteristics of AMD and SRB inoculums 42
3.3.2 Batch experiments 43
3.3.3 Continuous column experiments 48
3.4 Conclusions 51
3.5 References 52
4 Use of Organic Substrates as Electron Donors for Biological Sulfate 55
Reduction in Gypsiferous Mine Soils from Nakhon Si Thammarat
(Thailand)
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Material and Methods 58
4.2.1 Mine soils (overburdens) 58
4.2.2 Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) inoculums 58
4.2.3 Organic substrates 58
4.2.4 Column leaching experiments 58
4.2.5 Bioreactor experiments 59
4.2.6 Analytical methods 60
4.3 Results 61
4.3.1 Mine soils (overburdens) characteristics 61
4.3.2 Column leaching experiments 61
4.3.3 Bioreactor experiments 62
4.4 Discussion 64
4.4.1 Characteristics of leaching of mine soils (Overburdens) 64
4.4.2 Biological sulfate reduction for the treatment of gypsiferous 65
soils (GMOB)
4.5 Conclusions 66
4.6 References 66
5 Biological Sulfate Removal from Gypsum Contaminated Construction 69
and Demolition Debris
5.1 Introduction 70
5.2 Material and Methods 72
5.2.1 Construction and demolition debris (CDD) 72
5.2.2 Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) inoculums 72
5.2.3 Leaching of gypsum in batch experiments 72
5.2.4 Leaching of gypsum in continuous column experiments 72
5.2.5 Leachate treatment in bioreactor experiments 72
5.2.6 Analytical methods 73
5.3 Results 74
5.3.1 Leaching experiments 74
5.3.2 Bioreactor experiments 75
5.4 Discussion 80
5.4.1 Leaching of construction and demolition debris (CDD) 80
5.4.2 Treatment of CDD leachate in a sulfate reducing bioreactor 82
5.5 Conclusions 84
5.6 References 84
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
6 Biological Sulfate Reduction from Construction and Demolition Debris 87
Leachate: Effect of Bioreactor Configuration
6.1 Introduction 88
6.2 Material and Methods 90
6.2.1 Construction and demolition debris (CDD) 90
6.2.2 Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) inoculums 90
6.2.3 Construction and demolition debris sand (CDDS) leachate 90
6.2.4 Bioreactor configurations 91
6.2.5 Bioreactor experiments 92
6.2.6 Analytical methods 93
6.3 Results 93
6.3.1 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor 93
6.3.2 Inverse fluidized bed (IFB) reactor 93
6.3.3 Gas lift anaerobic membrane bioreactor (GL-AnMBR) 94
6.4 Discussion 95
6.4.1 Sulfate removal efficiency 95
6.4.2 pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal efficiency 97
6.4.3 Effect of calcium on the sulfate removal efficiency and 97
bioreactor operation
6.4.4 Sulfide production 98
6.5 Conclusions 99
6.6 References 99
7 Chemical Sulfate Removal for Treatment of Construction and 103
Demolition Debris Leachate
7.1 Introduction 104
7.2 Material and Methods 105
7.2.1 Construction and demolition debris sand (CDDS) leachate 105
7.2.2 Experimental design 105
7.2.3 Chemical sulfate precipitation 105
7.2.4 Chemical sulfate adsorption 105
7.2.5 Analytical methods 106
7.3 Results 107
7.3.1 Effect of chemicals on sulfate precipitation 107
7.3.2 Effect of initial CDDS leachate pH on sulfate precipitation 108
7.3.3 Precipitate characterization 109
7.3.4 Effect of chemicals on sulfate adsorption 109
7.3.5 Effect of calcium and acetate on sulfate removal 110
7.4 Discussion 110
7.4.1 Physico-chemical methods for sulfate removal 110
7.4.2 Sulfate precipitation for CDDS leachate treatment 111
7.4.3 Chemical versus biological treatment of CDDS leachate for 112
sulfate removal
7.5 Conclusions 113
7.6 References 114
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
8 Spontaneous Electrochemical Treatment for Sulfur Recovery by a 117
Sulfide Oxidation/Vanadium(V) Reduction Galvanic Cell
8.1 Introduction 118
8.2 Material and Methods 120
8.2.1 Sulfide wastewater samples 120
8.2.2 Vanadium solution 121
8.2.3 Electrochemical sulfide oxidation/vanadium(V) reduction 121
reactors
8.2.4 Electrochemical sulfide oxidation/vanadium(V) reduction 121
experiments
8.2.5 Analytical methods 122
8.3 Results 123
8.3.1 Internal resistance of the galvanic cells with different types of 123
graphite electrodes
8.3.2 Performance of galvanic cells at pH 10 at different external 123
and internal cell resistance
8.3.3 Performance of five plus galvanic cells at different pH values of 125
the synthetic sulfide solution
8.3.4 Performance of five plus galvanic cells in treatment of real 125
effluent
8.4 Discussion 127
8.4.1 The effect of internal and external resistances on an 127
electrochemical sulfide oxidation/vanadium(V) reduction cell
efficiency
8.4.2 The effect of the pH on sulfide removal in an electrochemical 127
sulfide oxidation/vanadium(V) reduction cell
8.4.3 Treatment of real effluent using an electrochemical sulfide 128
oxidation/vanadium(V) reduction cell
8.5 Conclusions 128
8.6 References 128
9 Biological Sulfate Removal for Soils and Solid Wastes Remediation 131
9.1 Introduction 132
9.2 Biological versus Chemical Treatment for Sulfate Removal 133
9.3 Biological Sulfate Removal for Soils Treatment 134
9.4 Biological Sulfate Removal for Solid Wastes Treatment 136
9.5 Future Perspectives 137
9.6 References 138
The Netherlands Research School for the Socio-Economic and Natural 143
Sciences of the Environment (SENSE) Certificate
Curriculum Vitae 145
Publications and Conferences 147
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