Suitability of Indigenous Aluminium Cans as an Alternative to Tin Cans for Fish Canning and ...

247 Pages·2011·10.77 MB·English

by  Ansar Ali A

iSUITABILITY OF INDIGENOUS ALUMINIUM CANS AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO TIN CANS FOR FISH CANNING AND
PROCESS TIME EVALUATION
Thesis Submitted to
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OFSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
By
ANSAR AU.A,M.Se
FISH PROCESSING DIVISION
CENTRAL INSTITUTEOFFISHERIES TECHNOLOGY
(INDIAN COUNCIL OFAGRICULTURAL RESEARCH)
COCHIN-682029
SCHOOL OFMARINE SCIENCES
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OFSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COCHIN
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this thesis entitled "SUITABILITY OF INDIGENOUS
ALUMINIUM CANS ASAN ALTERNATIVE TO TIN CANS FOR FISHCANNING
AND PROCESS TIME EVALUATION"embodies the original work conducted
by Mr.Ansar. Ali. A. under my guidance from 28.12.1999 to 30-04-2003. I
further certify that no part of this thesis has previously been formed the
basis of award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or any
other similar titles of this or in any other university or institution. He has
also passed the Ph.D qualifying examination of the COCHIN UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY,Cochin held in October 2002.
d~' ----
Dr.T.K.SRINIVASAGOPAL
Principal Scientist
FishProcessingDivision
Central Institute Of FisheriesTechnology
Cochin-682029.
Cochin-29
27-02-2004
DECLARATION
~I, AnsarAIi,A. do hereby declare that the Thesis entitled "SUITABILI1Y OF
,
:INDIGENOUS ALUMINIUM CANS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO TIN CANS FOR FISH
'CANNING AND PROCESS TIME EVALUATION" is a genuine record of bonafide
research carried out by me under the supervision of Dr. T. K. Srinivasa Gopal,
,Principal Scientist, Fish Processing Division, Central Institute Of Fisheries
Technology,Cochin-682029 and has not previouslyformed the basis of award of
any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or any other similar titles of this
orany other university or Institution.
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Cochin-29 ANSARAU.A
27-02-·2004
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude and deepest sense of indebtedness to
myguide Dr.T.K. Srinivasa Gopal, Principal Scientist, Fish Processing Division of
Central Institute of FisheriesTechnology, Cochin, for his keen interest, guidance,
encouragement and valuable discussion in every step of this piece of research
work.
I express my humble gratitude to Dr. K. Devadasan, Director, CIFT, Cochin for
giving permission, providinq facilities and encouragement to carry out this piece
ofwork. I amalsothankful to ICARfor providing me Fellowship through out the
course ofthe research work.
I acknowledge deeply my debts to Dr. K.G. Ramachandran Nair, Head, Fish
Processing Division; Dr. C.N. Ravi Shankar, Senior Scientist; Sri P.K. Vijayan,
Principal Scientist; Sri. P.R. Nair, Principal Scientist; Smt. Bindu J., Scientist, Fish
Processing Divisionof Central Institute of FisheriesTechnology, Cochin, for their
generous help,support and quidance.
I feel great pleasure in expressing my regards and profound indebtedness to
Dr.Ashok.Kumar, Senior Scientist, Quality Assurance Division; SrLM.Ashraf,
senior scientist, Fishing Technology Division of Central Institute of Fisheries
Technology, and Dr. Saleena Mathew, Professor, School of Industrial Fisheries
fortheir valuablecounseling, guidance and support during the research.
The assistance rendered by the library staff Mr. M.M. Devasya, Smt. Sailaja. T
and Mr. Bhaskaran in the collection of necessary literature are gratefully
acknowledged.
I express my sincere appreciation and heart-felt thanks to Mr. Omankuttan Nair,
Mr. Sadanandan, Mr. Kunjan, Mr. Suresh, Mr.Padmarajan, and for their
assistance through out mywork.
In this opportunity I never forget to give thank to all of my wonderful co
researchers, Mr. Sudhir, Smt.Leema, Smt. Sonaji and Smt. Manju.Sand for their
help, cooperation,encouragementand support in mywork and study.
I wish to extend my sincere thank to my friends Pramod, Deepak, Sreejith,
Radhakrishnan, Maya, Jyoti , Yesudason, Shinekumar, Tippeswamy, ,Siddappaji,
Bobbon, Sini and Mohan for their support through out the study and writing
the thesis.
COCHIN-29 ANSARAU.A
:21.. 't.
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. STATUS OFCANNING INDUSTRY 5
2.1. CanningIndustry in India - The Past. 5
2.2.Major Products Exported. 6
2.3.International Trade on CannedSeafoods 8
2. 4. Statusof Canning Industry in India 8
2.5.Major markets for Canned Fish 10
2. 6. Prospects of reviving the Indian seafood 10
CanningIndustry
3. REVIEW OF LITREATURE 13
3. 1. Evolution of containers for canned foods 13
3. 1. 1. Glass Containers 14
3. 1. 2. Tin Containers 16
3. 1. 3. Tin-Free Steel Cans 18
3. 1. 4. Retort pouches 20
3. 1. 5. Studies on Aluminium Containers 22
3. 1. 5. 1. Impact Extruded Containers 24
3. 1. 5. 2. Drawn cans 24
3. 1. 5. 3.Three-piece cans 25
3.1. 5. 4. Application Fieldsof Aluminium Containers 25
3. 2. Methods of fish preservation 29
3. 2. 1. Chilling 29
3. 2. 2. Freezing 29
3.2. 3. Vacuum packaging 30
3. 2 .4. Fish curing 30
3. 2.4.1. Drying 31
3.2.4.2. Smoking 31
3. 2. 4. 3. Salting 31
3. 2. 5. Irradiation 31
3. 2. 6. High pressure Processing 32
3. 2. 7. Canning 32
3. 3. DifferentSizes of Cans Used Commercially 33
3.4.Canning Studiesin Fishes 35
3. 4. 1. Prawns 37
3.4.2. Mackerel 38
3. 4. 3. Sardines 39
3.4.4. Tuna 40
3. 4.5. Other fishes 41
3.5.HeatPenetration and thermal Process Evaluation 43
3. 5. 1. Evaluationof the thermal process 44
3. 5.2. Mathematical methods 45
4. 5.3. Orderof death of bacteriaand commercial 48
processes
3. 5. 4.Mechanism of heat transfer and process 49
evaluation
3. 5.4. 1.Conduction heat transfer 50
3. 5. 4. 2. Convectionheat transfer 51
3.6.Studies on the Reduction in Process Times 54
3.7. Studies on MicrobialSpoilageand Sterility Tests 55
3. 7. 1. Postprocesscontamination 56
3. 7. 2. Underprocessing 56
3.7. 3. Commercial Sterility 58
3. 8.Storage Studiesand Changes in Chemical Parameters 58
3. 9.Optimization ofThermal Processes 61
3.10. Studies on Texture Properties 62
4. MATERIALSAND METHODS 65
4.1.Machineries and Accessories 65
4. 1. 1. Pilotscaleretorting unit 65
4. 1.2. Ellab CTF 9008 Precision Thermometer and 69
Fo-value computer
4. 1. 3. Can punch 69
4. 1.4. Packing glandsand accessories 69
4. 1. 5. Standard thermocouple probes 70
4.1. 6. FoodTexture Analyzer 70
4.1.7. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission 72
Spectrometer(ICP-AES)
4. 2. Materials 75
4. 2. 1. Aluminiumcans 75
4. 2. 2. Fishes 75
4. 2. 3. Oil 75
4. 2.4.Sa~ 75
4. 2. 5. Other ingredients 75
4. 2. 6. Fish Curry 75
4.3. Methods 77
4.3. 1. Determinationof moisture 77
4. 3. 2. Determinationof ashcontent 77
4. 3. 3. Estimation of crudefat 77
4. 3. 4. Determinationofcrudeprotein 77
4. 3. 5. Testsfor Lacquer 78
4. 3. 6. Air pressure test 78
4.3.7. Resistance to sulphurstainingand impermeability 78
4.3. 8. Test for suitability of canfor food contact 79
applications
4. 3. 9. Cutout analysis 79
4. 3. 10. Determinationofvacuum 80
4. 3. 11. Canning oftuna in oil 80
4. 3. 12. Canning of tuna in brine 81
4. 3. 13. Canning of tuna in curry 81
4.3. 14.Canning of Mackerel in oil 82
4.3. 15.Canning of mackerel in brine 82
4.3. 16. Canning of mackerel in curry 83
4.3. 17. Determinationofcoldspot 85
4. 3. 18. Heatpenetrationstudies 85
4.3. 19. Sterilitytest 86
4.3. 20.Shelflife studies 86
4. 3. 21.Texture profile analysis 86
4. 3. 22. Estimation ofTBAvalue 87
4.3.23. DeterminationofPh 87
4.3. 24. Sensory evaluation 87
4. 3. 25. Estimation ofaluminiumcontent in canned fish 88
4.3.26.Transport worthinessTests 88
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 97
5. 1.Proximate Composition of Fishes 97
5.2. Physical Testsfor AluminiumCans 98
5.3. Determination of Cold Spot 101
5. 4. HeatPenetration Studies ofTuna in Different Media 102
5. 5.Heatpenetrationstudiesof Mackerel in different media 130
5.6.Results of SterilityTest 158
5.7. Vacuum in processed cans 158