Substance Use and Abuse

222 Pages·2010·3.59 MB·English

by  Britannica Educational Publishing

SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE
HEALTH AND DISEASE IN SOCIETY
SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE
EDITED BY KARA ROGERS, SENIOR EDITOR, BIOMEDICAL
SCIENCES
Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in
association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC
29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010.
Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica,
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Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services.
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First Edition
Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor
J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager
Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies
Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy
Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Kara Rogers: Senior Editor, Biomedical Sciences Rosen
Educational Services Jeanne Nagle: Senior Editor
Nelson Sá: Art Director
Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager
Nicole Russo: Designer
Matthew Cauli: Cover Design
Introduction by Stephanie Watson
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Substance use and abuse/edited by Kara Rogers.
p. cm. — (Health and disease in society) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen
Educational Services.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61530413-4 (eBook)
1. Substance abuse. I. Rogers, Kara.
HV4998.S836 2011
616.86—dc22 2010032761
On the cover: © www.istockphoto.com/NicholasMonu On pages 1, 26, 45, 71, 92, 106, 129, 145, 164: An
Afghani man smoking crystal
methamphetamine. Behrouz Mehri/AFP/Getty Images
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: DRUG USE AND ABUSE
Defining Drug Abuse
Characteristics of Drug Use and Abuse
The Functions of Psychotropic Drugs
The Nature of Drug Addiction and Dependence
History of Drug Control
Opium Trade in China in the 18th and 19th Centuries
International Controls
National Controls
Extent of Contemporary Drug Abuse
Mexico’s Raging Drug Wars
Designer Drugs
CHAPTER 2: SOCIAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF DRUG USE AND ABUSE
Conflicting Values in Drug Use
Erich Fromm
Youth and Drugs
Narcotics in the Public Consciousness
Issues of Legalization
Speaking Out on Drug Decriminalization
Proponents of Legalization
The Impact on Youth
The Impact of Drug Prices
Drug Abuse in Sports
Steroid Use in Major League Baseball
Statements Before Congress
CHAPTER 3: PSYCHOTROPIC AND HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS
Opium and Its Derivatives
Opium Alkaloids
Opium Poppy
Physiological Actions of Opiates
Thomas De Quincey
Means of Administration
Therapy for Opiate Dependence
Vincent Paul Dole
Hallucinogenic Drugs and Hallucination
Types of Hallucinogens
Albert Hofmann
Peyote
History of Hallucinogens
Physiological and Psychological Effects
Hallucinogen Users
Timothy Leary
CHAPTER 4: NONNARCOTIC DRUGS, CANNABIS, AND PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING
DRUGS
Barbiturates, Stimulants, and Tranquilizers
Barbiturates
Stimulants
Coffee
Coca
Tranquilizers
Cannabis
Valium
Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Practices
Erythropoietin
Gene Doping
CHAPTER 5: ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND HEALTH
Types of Alcoholic Beverages
Wine
Ethyl Alcohol
Beer
Distilled Spirits
Proof
Alcohol and the Individual
Absorption Through the Stomach and Intestines
Processing in the Liver
Accumulation in the Body
Effects of Alcohol on the Brain
Effects on Behaviour
Blood Alcohol Concentration
Breathalyzer
Long-Term Health Effects of Drinking
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
CHAPTER 6: ALCOHOL AND SOCIETY
Alcohol Consumption in Society
History of Alcohol Use: Early Societies
History of Alcohol Use: Classical Peoples