Table Of ContentSUBREGIONAL COOPERATION IN THE NEW EUROPE
Subregional Cooperation
in the New Europe
Building Security, Prosperity
and Solidarity from the Barents
to the Black Sea
Edited by
Andrew Cottey
Lecturer. Department of Peace Studies
University of Bradford
Foreword by
Thorvald Stoltenberg
former Foreign Minister of Nonvay
in association with
THE EASTWEST INSTITUTE
* Selection and editorial matter © EastWest Institute 1999
Foreword © Thorvald Stoltenberg 1999
Introduction and chapters 5, 10 and 12 © Andrew Cottey 1999
Chapters 2-4,6-9 And 11 © Macmillan Press ltd 1999
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 978-0-333-73360-8
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Contents
List of Figures vii
Foreword: Stellar Moments viii
Thorvald Stoltenberg
Preface X
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xii
Notes on the Contributors xiii
PART I: INTRODUCTION
Introduction 3
Andrew Cottey
2 European Security at the End of the Twentieth Century: 8
The Subregional Contribution
Anders Bjurner
PART II: SUBREGIONAL COOPERATION:
FROM THE BARENTS TO THE BLACK SEA
3 The Barents Euro-Arctic Council 23
Pertti Joenniemi
4 The Council of Baltic Sea States 46
Carl-Einar Stalvant
5 The Visegrad Group and Beyond: Security Cooperation 69
in Central Europe
Andrew Cottey
6 The Central European Free Trade Agreement: 90
Problems, Experiences, Prospects
Andrzej Kupich
7 The Central European Initiative 113
Christopher Cviic
v
8 The Black Sea Economic Cooperation: 128
Will Hopes Become Reality?
Oleksandr Pavliuk
PART III: SUBREGIONAL COOPERATION AND THE NEW
EUROPEAN SECURITY ORDER
9 The Role of Subregional Cooperation 153
in Post-Cold War Europe: Integration, Security, Democracy
Alyson JK Bailes
I 0 Subregional Cooperation and the New European 184
Security Architecture
Andrew Cottey
II Emerging Subregional Cooperation Processes: 213
South-Eastern Europe, the Newly Independent States
and the Mediterranean
Ian Bremmet; Sophia Clement,
Andrew Cottey and Thanos Dokos
PART IV: CONCLUSION
12 Conclusion 243
Andrew Cottey
Appendices
Appendix I. Membership of the Barents-Black Sea 255
Subregional Group (August 1997)
Appendix 2. Members of the Steering Board of 256
the EastWest Institute Project
'Multi-Layered Integration: The Subregional Dimension'
Notes and References 257
Index 277
vi
List of Figures
Figure 9.1. The 'Down-Side': 154
Possible Reasons for States to Resist Subregional Cooperation
Figure 9.2. The 'Security Spectrum': 170
The Spectrum of Security Roles Open to Subregional Groups
vii
Foreword: Stellar Moments
The end of the Cold War represents what Stefan Zweig called 'Stern
Stunden' or stellar moments of history. These stellar moments have given
us new opportunities in international relations. We do not know how long
these opportunities will last. It is our responsibility to grasp the present
opportunities in order to safeguard the future.
The expansion of the European integration process to some countries
from Central and Eastern Europe will hopefully be completed with the
integration of all of Europe. An important by-product of the integration
process is the subregional cooperation that we now see in central parts of
Europe, from the Barents area in the north to the Barcelona process in the
Mediterranean in the south. This development may prove to be of decisive
importance for the future security of Europe.
I believe that peace will prevail in the Balkans. Peace in Bosnia is not
only a question of the future of the people in that region, but also of NATO.
Our most important security organization cannot afford to fail in its first
ever international operation. NATO cannot leave the area before we know
that the peace will last and that the operation has been successful.
If peace is secured in the Balkans, we may in the next century have a
zone of subregional cooperation through all of Europe, from the Barents in
the north through the Baltic Sea and the Balkans, and with luck also in the
Black Sea area and the Mediterranean. This zone represents the very areas
of Europe where there have historically been tension, violence and war.
Successful subregional cooperation in this zone will reduce the chances of
new tensions. This zone is also where we may experience a new curtain
through Europe- this time not an iron curtain, but a division between the
rich and poor countries. Subregional cooperation will reduce this danger
and contribute to stability. Subregional cooperation may change this zone
from one of tension, violence and war to one of stability and more evenly
spread prosperity.
In our tedious day-to-day work with subregional cooperation it is
important not to lose sight of this vision and the enormous opportunities it
offers. With the end of the Cold War one order came to an end - an order
dominated by fear. The integration process and subregional cooperation
may for the first time ever contribute to a new and stable order without the
preceding ravages of wars. The five 'Bs' - the Barents, the Baltic, the
viii
Foreword ix
Balkans, the Black Sea and the Barcelona process-will stand for peace. If
so, we will have used the opportunities offered us at the present stellar
moments.
THORVALD STOLTENBERG
Former Defence Minister, Foreign Minister
and Ambassador to the United Nations of
Norway, former United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees and former United Nations Peace
Mediator in the former Yugoslavia.
Preface
This book is the product of a research and policy-forming project under
taken by the EastWest Institute (EWI) in 1996-97, entitled 'Multi-.Layered
Integration: The Subregional Dimension'. The project examined the roles
played by subregional groups of states - specifically the Barents Euro
Arctic Council, the Council of Baltic Sea States, the Visegrad group, the
Central European Free Trade Agreement, the Central European Initiative
and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation-in post-Cold War Europe. The
project was funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, to which
EWI wishes to express its grateful thanks. During 1997-98, again support
ed by the Carnegie Corporation, EWI will be undertaking a further project
examining the prospects for subregional cooperation in South-Eastern
Europe, the western former Soviet Union and the Caucasus and Central
Asia. Further information and reports from both of these projects can be
obtained from EWI.
The project, of which this book is the concluding product, was very
much a collaborative effort, bringing together representatives of govern
ments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations and
the academic community. The project was guided by an international advi
sory Steering Board (whose members are listed in Appendix 2), which met
in Warsaw in June 1996 and in Stockholm in January 1997. The project
involved two international conferences, in Bucharest in October 1996 and
in Bratislava in Apri11997, which brought together governmental and non
governmental experts. Representatives of EWI also benefited greatly from
the opportunity to participate in an official Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) seminar on 'Regional Security and
Cooperation' held in Vienna in June 1997 and a project, sponsored by the
Government of Norway, examining the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, the
Council of Baltic Sea States and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.
EWI and the editor wish to express their thanks to all those who partic
ipated in and supported this project. In particular, thanks are due to the fol
lowing people and organizations: the members of the project Steering
Board, especially its Chair Anders Bjurner of the Swedish Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, for their support and advice; the authors of the chapters
contained in this volume; the Polish, Romanian, Slovakian and Swedish
authorities for their generous support in hosting the project Steering Board
meetings and conferences; the Institute for Security Studies of Western
European Union; Ambassador Arnt Rindal of the Norwegian Ministry of
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