Subjects, Citizens, and Others: Administering Ethnic Heterogeneity in the British and Habsburg Empires, 1867-1918

313 Pages·2018·17.17 MB·English

by  Benno Gammerl

Subjects, Citizens and Others
Studies in British and Imperial History
Published for the German Historical Institute, London
Editor: Andreas Gestrich, Director of the German Historical Institute, London
Volume 1
The Rise of Market Society in England, 1066–1800
Christiane Eisenberg
Translated by Deborah Cohen
Volume 2
Sacral Kingship between Disenchantment and Re-enchantment
The French and English Monarchies, 1587–1688
Ronald G. Asch
Volume 3
The Forgotten Majority
German Merchants in London, Naturalization and Global Trade, 1660–1815
Margit Schulte-Beerbühl
Translated by Cynthia Klohr
Volume 4
Crown, Church and Constitution
Popular Conservatism in England, 1815–1867
Jörg Neuheiser
Translated by Jennifer Walcoff Neuheiser
Volume 5
Between Empire and Continent
British Foreign Policy before the First World War
Andreas Rose
Translated by Rona Johnston
Volume 6
Unearthing the Past to Forge the Future
Colin Mackenzie, the Early Colonial State and the Comprehensive Survey of India
Tobias Wolffhardt
Translated by Jane Rafferty
Volume 7
Subjects, Citizens and Others
Administering Ethnic Heterogeneity in the British and Habsburg Empires, 1867–1918
Benno Gammerl
Translated by Jennifer Walcoff Neuheiser
S , c
ubjectS itizenS and
O
therS
Administering Ethnic Heterogeneity in the British
and Habsburg Empires, 1867–1918
?
Benno Gammerl
Translated by Jennifer Walcoff Neuheiser
berghahn
N E W Y O R K (cid:127) O X F O R D
www.berghahnbooks.com
Published in 2018 by
Berghahn Books
www.berghahnbooks.com
English-language edition © 2018 Benno Gammerl
German-language edition © 2010 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG
Originally published in 2010 as Untertanen, Staatsbürger und Andere: Der Umgang mit
ethnischer Heterogenität im britischen Weltreich und im Habsburgerreich 1867–1918
by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG,
Göttingen
The translation of this work was funded by Geisteswissenschaften International –
Translation Funding for Humanities and Social Sciences from Germany,
a joint initiative of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Federal
Foreign Office, the collecting society VG WORT and the Börsenverein des
Deutschen Buchhandels (German Publishers and Booksellers Association).
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages
for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book
may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented,
without written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A C.I.P. cataloging record is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78533-709-3 hardback
ISBN 978-1-78533-710-9 ebook
c
OntentS
List of Illustrations vii
List of Maps, Tables and Figures viii
Acknowledgements x
List of Abbreviations xii
Introduction 1
Chapter 1. Nation-States Emerging on the Semi-periphery 25
The Beginnings of a Canadian Nationality: Integration Efforts and
Racist Exclusion 25
Hungarian Nationality, Magyarization, and the Nationalization of
the Law 37
Nation and Empire: A Complicated Relationship 46
Chapter 2. Statist Approaches 62
From Ethnic Neutrality to a Politics of Recognition in Austria 62
Promises of Equality, a Politics of Recognition and Racist
Discrimination in India 80
The Formation and Determination of Ethnic Identities 95
Chapter 3. Imperialist Discrimination in Colonial Contexts 119
National Belonging, Migration and the Recognition of Difference
in Bosnia 119
The Law and Racist Discrimination in British East Africa 134
Difference, Discrimination and Racism 148
Chapter 4. The United Kingdom between Nation, State and Empire 163
Subjecthood and Nationality before 1900 164
The Growing Importance of Ethnic Identities since 1900 168
Intersections of Ethnic, Religious, Social and Gender Differences 180
vi | Contents
Chapter 5. Empires and Ethnic Heterogeneity 197
Ethnic Neutrality in the Late Nineteenth Century 197
The Ethnicization of the Law in the Early Twentieth Century 208
Biopower and Ethnicization: Splitting the Population or
Splitting the Power 227
Conclusion 242
Bibliography 263
Index of Names and Places 290
Index of Subjects 294
i
lluStratiOnS
1.1 En route to civilization? ‘Group of Indians belonging to the
Kwawkewlth Agency, B.C.’. Printed in: Annual Report of the
Department of Indian Affairs, Ottawa, 1901, p. 257. 33
1.2 The Hungarian nation abroad as a multilingual community
(Hungarian, German, Slovakian, Romanian, Serbian, Croatian and
Ruthenian). Cover of an informational brochure for Hungarian
emigrants to the United States, 1910. From: Vienna, HHStA,
MdÄ, Admin. Reg., F 15, Auswanderung, Ktn. 31. 45
2.1 Making the census more precise: A machine-readable census card
from the United Kingdom, 1911. From: London, PRO, RG 27/7. 100
3.1 Visual differences? Ethnographic sketches: ‘Mostar: Muslim women’
(Rudolf von Ottenfeld) and ‘Sarajevsko Polje: The orthodox’
(Ladislaus Batakn). Published in the so-called Kronprinzenwerk:
Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild. Bosnien
und Hercegovina, Vienna: k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1901,
pp. 323 and 319. 130
4.1 Advertising leaflet from a London naturalization society, 1910.
From: London, PRO, HO 144/1102/198890. 171
5.1 Photographs of Austrian and Hungarian conscripts in Jerusalem,
1914–1916. From: Vienna, HHStA, Konsulat Jerusalem, Ktn. 146. 203
5.2 Entry denied: Indian passengers on board the Komagata Maru in
Vancouver, BC, James L. Quiney, 1914. From: City of Vancouver
Archives, CVA 7–125. 214
5.3 Family life and minority report: Writing test of the naturalization
candidate Benjamin Goldberg, 1912. From: London, PRO, HO
144/971/B36646. 216
5.4 Ethnicization of the Hungarian nation abroad: Article entitled
‘Heim für Arpad’s Söhne’, with a drawing of the Hungarian
emigrants’ home in New York, in New Yorker Revue, Sunday, 21
November 1909. From: Vienna, HHStA, MdÄ, Admin. Reg., F 15, 
Auswanderung, Ktn. 31. 224
M , t F
apS ableS and igureS
Maps
2.1 The ascription of ethnonational identities to individuals:
‘The Moravian Compromise of 1905: 6 German and 14
Czech voting constituencies’. Based on: Sudetendeutscher
Atlas, 2nd edn, Munich 1955, p. 26 (courtesy of
Sudetendeutscher Rat). 76
2.2 and 2.3 The territorial distribution of ethno-religious differences: ‘Maps
showing the distribution of Hindus and Muhammadans’.
Extracted from: Census of India, 1911, vol. 1, Report ,
Calcutta 1913, pp. 119 and 128. 99
Tables
1.1 Immigration of ‘non-Europeans’ to Canada, in absolute
figures. 28
2.1 Distribution of the elected members of the legislative
assembly across the provinces and electorates according to
the Government of India Act of 1919. 83
3.1 Population and religious-confessional groups in Bosnia and
Herzegovina. 126
3.2 Births registered in the East Africa Protectorate, listed
according to the ethnicity and ‘race’ of the parents. 138
5.1 Number of ‘non-Europeans’ among the total number of
registered births of British subjects from the lists of the
consulates in Réunion, on the US West Coast, and in Siam,
in absolute figures. 210
Maps, Tables and Figures | ix
Figures
1.1 Immigrants to Canada according to country of origin, in absolute
figures. 27
2.1 Naturalizations in Austria and number of naturalized Jews, in
absolute figures. 70
4.1 Total number of naturalizations in the United Kingdom and the
number of naturalized Jews, in absolute figures. 172