Subatomic Physics

641 Pages·2007·12.84 MB·English

SUBAT MIC
PHYSICS
Third Edition
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SUBAT MIC
PHYSICS
Third Edition
Ernest M Henley
Alejandro Garcia
University of Washington, USA
World Scientific
N E W J E R S E Y • L O N D O N • S I N G A P O R E • B E I J I N G • S H A N G H A I • H O N G K O N G • TA I P E I • C H E N N A I (cid:13)(cid:10)
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
SUBATOMIC PHYSICS (3rd Edition)
Copyright © 2007 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.
ISBN-13 978-981-270-056-8
ISBN-10 981-270-056-0
ISBN-13 978-981-270-057-5 (pbk)
ISBN-10 981-270-057-9 (pbk)
Printed in Singapore.
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To Elaine and Viviana
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Acknowledgments
In writing the present book, we have had generous help from students, friends and
colleagueswhohaveclearedupquestions,provideduswithdataand/orfigures,and
have made helpful comments on parts of the manuscript.
WethankparticularlyEricAdelberger,HansBichsel,OwenBiesel,RickCasten,
John Cramer, Kees de Jager, Paolo Gondolo, Paul Grannis, Wick Haxton, Craig
Hogan, Seth Hoedl, David Kaplan, Joseph Kapusta, Kevin Lesko, Henry Lubatti,
Augusto Machiavelli, Dan Melconian, Gerald Miller, Berndt Mu¨ller, John Negele,
Ann Nelson, Mal Ruderman, Martin Savage,Anne Sallaska, Hendrik Schatz, Steve
Sharpe, Reinhard Schumacher,Sky Sjue, Dick Seymour, Kurt Snover,Dam Thanh
Son, Stephanie Stattel, Smarajit Triambak, Bob Tribble, Raju Venugopalan, John
Wilkerson.
The figures from journals of the American Physical Society are reprinted with
courtesy of the American Physical Society, which holds the copyrights; those from
PhysicsLettersandNuclearPhysicsarecourtesyofElsevierPublishingCompany.
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Preface to the First Edition
Subatomic Physics, the physics of nuclei and particles, has been one of the
frontiersofsciencesinceitsbirthin1896. Fromthe studyofthe radiationsemitted
by radioactive nuclei to the scattering experiments that point to the presence of
subunits in nucleons, from the discovery of the hadronic interactions to the real-
ization that the photon possesses hadronic (strong) attributes, and that weak and
electromagnetic forces may be intimately related, subatomic physics has enriched
science with new concepts and deeper insights into the laws of nature.
Subatomic Physics does not stand isolated; it bears on many aspects of life.
Ideasandfacts emergingfromstudiesofthe subatomic worldchangeourpicture of
the macrocosmos. Concepts discovered in subatomic physics are needed to under-
standthecreationandabundanceoftheelements,andtheenergyproductioninthe
sun and the stars. Nuclear power may provide most of the future energy sources.
Nuclear bombs affect national and international decisions. Pion beams have be-
come a tool to treat cancer. Tracer and M¨ossbauer techniques give information
about structure and reactionsin solid state physics,chemistry, biology,metallurgy,
and geology.
Subatomic Physics, because it reaches into so many areas, should not only be
accessible to physicists, but also to other scientists and to engineers. The chemist
observingtheMo¨ssbauereffect,thegeologistusingaradioactivedatingmethod,the
physician injecting a radioactiveisotope, or the nuclear engineer designing a power
planthavenoimmediateneedtounderstandisospinorinelasticelectronscattering.
Nevertheless, their work may be more satisfying and they may be able to find new
connectionsiftheyhaveagraspofthe basicprinciplesofsubatomicphysics. While
the presentbook is mainly intended asan introductionfor physicists,we hope that
it will also be useful to other scientists and to engineers.
Subatomic Physics deals with all entities smaller than the atom; it combines
nuclear and particle physics. The two fields have many concepts and features in
common. Consequently, we treat them together and attempt to stress unifying
ideas, concepts and currently unsolved problems. We also show how subatomic
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