Table Of ContentМИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«МИРЭА ‐ Российский технологический университет»
(РТУ МИРЭА)
Чернова Н. И., Катахова Н. В.
Studying Physics for Advanced Industrial
Technologies
Учебно-методическое пособие
Москва 2022
УДК: 811.111-(075.8)
ББК: 81.432.1
Ч 49
Чернова Н.И. Studying Physics for Advanced Industrial Technologies [Электронный
ресурс]: Учебно-методическое пособие / Чернова Н.И., Катахова Н.В. — М.: МИРЭА –
Российский технологический университет, 2022. — 1 электрон. опт. диск (CD-ROM).
Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку разработано для организации
практических занятий и самостоятельной работы бакалавров 2 курса всех направлений
подготовки института перспективных технологий и индустриального программирования,
изучающих язык специальности.
Учебно-методическое пособие разработано на основе модульного подхода и включает
4 модуля: ―Mechanics‖, ―The Electricity‖, ―Optics‖,―Quantum Theory‖. Каждый модуль
содержит тематические аутентичные тексты, направленные с одной стороны, на развитие
навыков всех типов чтения профильно-ориентированных текстов – поискового,
ознакомительного и изучающего, а с другой стороны, на овладение терминологической
базой языка специальности.
Комплекс лексико-грамматических упражнений и заданий, как и предложенный
дополнительный материал, направлены на закрепление терминологической базы языка
специальности и развитие иноязычных профессиональных коммуникативных компетенций.
Учебно-методическое пособие издается в авторской редакции.
Авторы:
Чернова Н.И, д.п.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой иностранных языков ИРИ РТУ
МИРЭА,
Катахова Н.В., к.п.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков ИРИ РТУ МИРЭА.
Рецензенты:
Дерягина З.C., к. филол. н., доцент Департамент педагогического образования Автономная
некоммерческая организация дополнительного профессионального образования.
Васильев А.Г., д.ф.-м.н., профессор, директор Института радиоэлектроники и информатики,
Российский Технологический Университет – МИРЭА
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© Чернова Н.И., Катахова Н.В., 2022
© МИРЭА – Российский технологический
университет, 2022
Table of Content
MODULE I. MECHANICS ..................................................................................... 4
MODULE II. THE ELECTRICITY ....................................................................... 25
MODULE III. OPTICS. .......................................................................................... 59
MODULE IV. QUANTUM THEORY ................................................................... 90
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 100
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MODULE I. MECHANICS
Basic ideas.
Mechanics is the science about the motion of bodies under the action of forces
including the special case in which a body remains at rest. Motions are the forces that
bodies exert on one another. In connection to this the study of gravity, electricity, and
magnetism, according to the nature of the forces is of great importance.
The subject matter of mechanics covers the manner in which bodies move under
the action of forces.
Historically, mechanics was among the first of the exact sciences to be developed.
It as if a mathematical discipline had its early remarkable success in accounting
quantitative details for the motions of the Moon, Earth, and other planetary bodies to
have an enormous effect on philosophical thought and provided impetus for the
systematic development of science.
Mechanics can be divided into three branches:
- statics, which deals with forces acting on and in a body at rest;
- kinematics, which describes the possible motions of a body or system of bodies;
- kinetics, which attempts to explain or predict the motion that will occur in a
given situation.
The simplest mechanical system is the particle, defined as a body. More
complicated is the motion of a system of two or more particles that exert forces on one
another and possibly undergo forces exerted by bodies outside of the system.
The principles of mechanics have been applied to three general realms of
phenomena. The motions of such celestial bodies as stars, planets, and satellites.
Ordinary objects on Earth down to microscopic size, which are properly described by
classical mechanics, relate to the second realm. The third realm of phenomena
comprises the behaviour of matter and electromagnetic radiation on the atomic and
subatomic scale.
Classical mechanics deals with the motion of bodies under the influence of forces
or with the equilibrium of bodies when all forces are balanced. In the framework of
modern physics, classical mechanics can be understood as an approximation arising
out of the laws of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. The central concepts
in classical mechanics are force, mass, and motion. In fact, in modern physics, force
is no longer considered to be a central concept, and mass is only one of a number of
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attributes of matter. Energy, momentum, and angular momentum, however, still firmly
hold a center stage.
To sum the previous information up let us answer the question what mechanics is in
the modern sense.
The subject matter of mechanics is a field that requires practical application of
knowledge. The people and great scientists who have a good knowledge of mechanics
have either been great inventors or have changed the world for the better. The students
today with the same aspiration to achieve something great in their lives study
mechanics.
Mechanics is a science that deals with the motion of objects under the effect of
force. It also deals with the special case when the body stays at rest.
Mechanics is the area of physics that is concerned with the movement of physical
objects.
Forces applied to objects result in displacements, i.e., changes of an object's
position relative to its surroundings.
Mechanics is divided into three following categories:
- Statistical mechanics
- Classical mechanics (e.g. Newtonian mechanics: kinematics and dynamics)
- Quantum mechanics
Statistical Mechanics
The word static in statistical means stable or at rest. Statistical mechanics deals
with the static objects on which the force is applied. Statistical mechanics combines
the principles of statistics with both classical and Quantum Physics.
Statistical mechanics help us determine how macroscopic properties, i.e.:
temperature and pressure are related to macroscopic properties that keep on varying on
an average.
Classical Mechanics
Classical mechanics deals with the objects in motion under the influence of a force
or the equilibrium bodies whose all forces are balanced.
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We can think of classical mechanics as the explanation of basic postulates of Isaac
Newton mentioned in his book named Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(1687), commonly known as the Principia.
Applying the first law of motion, we can say that mass is a measure of the tendency
of a body to resist changes in its state of motion, i.e., when the force is applied to the
body, it changes the state of motion of the body. The interconnection between these
two effects is what we call classical mechanics.
Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics studies the behavior of matter and light on the atomic and
subatomic levels.
Quantum mechanics is the fundamental tool to understand the theoretical stage and
the electronic structure of chemical compounds and their mechanism, thermodynamics,
chemical kinetics, and kinetics of chemical reactions.
Quantum mechanics attempts to describe and look for the properties of molecules
and atoms and their constituents, i.e.: electrons, protons, neutrons, and many other
esoteric particles such as quarks & gluons; these attributes involve the interactions of
particles (at the microscopic level) with each other and with electromagnetic radiations
such as light-rays, X-rays, and gamma-rays.
The part of mechanics that describes motion without concerning its causes is
kinematics. Therefore, not taking into account the cause of motion, kinematics only
considers the following parameters of motion, which are:
- Speed
- Displacement
- Distance
- Time
- Velocity
Dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics that relates to the study of forces
and their effects on motion. Isaac Newton was the first to formulate the fundamental
physical laws that govern dynamics in classical non-relativistic physics. His second
law of motion is of importance for the case.
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Fig.1 Branches of mechanics to study.
In rigid body mechanics we imply that all objects are perfectly rigid, which means
that they change neither their form nor volume when forces act on them.
According to specific approach to the study of objects motion and their equilibrium,
mechanics is divided into statics and dynamics. Statics studies objects that are either at
rest, or in constant motion, that is a motion with constant velocity as to its magnitude
and direction. Dynamics studies objects with acceleration. Dynamics is divided into
kinematics and kinetics. Kinematics describes the motion of objects, while kinetics
studies forces that cause changes of motion.
Vocabulary to know:
exert on – influence, affect
subject matter – subject of discussion
accounting quantitative details – to take account of figures, quantitative indicators
impetus – push, impact
undergo forces – be influenced by, be subjected to
realms of phenomena – areas of events
celestial body – heavenly body
equilibrium – balance
approximation – rough
aspiration – desire, willingness, determination
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constituents – parts, components, elements
rigid – hard, tough
magnitude – size, value
Exercise 1. Give English equivalents to the following Russian ones.
Движение тел под воздействием внешних сил; гравитация; магнетизм; в
зависимости от характера сил; выдающийся успех; другие планетарные тела;
философская мысль; статика; кинематика; кинетика; частица, определяемая как
тело; частицы, которые действуют друг на друга с силой; принципы механики;
обычные объекты; включает в себя поведение материи; закон квантовой
механики; теория относительности; сила, масса и движение; энергия; угловой
момент; практическое применение знаний; особый случай, когда тело находится
в состоянии покоя; движение физических объектов; изменение положения
объекта относительно его окружения; статистическая механика объединяет
принципы статистики; температура и давление связаны с макроскопическими
свойствами; применяя первый закон движения; взаимосвязь между двумя
эффектами; поведение материи; квантовая механика; термодинамика; кинетика
химических реакций; свойства молекул и атомов; нейтрон; кварки и глюоны;
учитывать, принимать во внимание; область классической механики; абсолютно
жесткий; деление на статику и динамику; постоянная скорость; кинетика изучает
силы, которые вызывают изменения в движении.
Exercise 2. Check up your understanding.
1. What kind of science is Mechanics?
2. What is the subject matter of Mechanics?
3. How did Mechanics develop?
4. What kind of branches can Mechanics be divided?
5. What are the principles of Mechanics?
6. What Classical Mechanics deals with?
7. What are central concepts in Classical Mechanics?
8. What three categories is Mechanics divided into?
9. What does Quantum Mechanics study?
10. What is kinematics?
11. What parameters of motion does kinematics consider?
12. What is Dynamics?
13. What does Statics study?
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Exercise 3. True/false sentences.
1. Motions are the forces that bodies exert on one another.
2. Historically, mechanics was among the last of the exact sciences to be developed.
3. The principles of mechanics have been applied to two general realms of phenomena.
4. Classical mechanics deals with the motion of bodies under the influence of forces or
with the equilibrium of bodies when all forces are balanced.
5. In the framework of modern physics, classical mechanics cannot be understood as
an approximation arising out of the laws of quantum mechanics and the theory of
relativity.
6. Energy, momentum, and angular momentum, however, do not hold a center stagein
modern physics.
7. The subject matter of mechanics is a field that requires practical application of
knowledge.
8. Mechanics is a science that deals with the bodies at rest.
9. Statistical mechanics combines the principles of statistics with both classical and
Quantum Physics.
10. Classical mechanics deals with the objects in motion under the influence of a force
or the equilibrium bodies whose all forces are balanced.
11. Quantum mechanics attempts to describe and look for the properties of molecules
and atoms.
12. The part of mechanics that describes motion without concerning its causes is
kinematics.
13. Dynamics is the branch of classical mechanics that relates to the study of forces.
14. In rigid body mechanics we imply that all objects are perfectly rigid, which means
that they change neither their form nor volume when forces act on them.
15. Kinematics describes forces that cause changes of motion while kinetics studies the
motion of objects.
Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences in English.
1. Механика - это наука, которая занимается изучением движения объектов под
действием силы.
2. Механика изучает движение тел под действием сил.
3. Кинематика описывает возможные движения тела или системы тел.
4. Кинетика пытается объяснить или предсказать движение, которое произойдет
в определенной ситуации.
5. Простейшей механической системой является частица, определяемая как тело.
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6. Силы, приложенные к объектам, приводят к смещению, т.е. изменению
положения объекта относительно окружающей среды.
7. Слово "статичный" в статистике означает стабильный или находящийся в
состоянии покоя.
8. Когда сила приложена к телу, она изменяет состояние его движения.
9. Квантовая механика изучает поведение материи и света на атомном и
субатомном уровнях.
10. Динамика подразделяется на кинематику и кинетику.
Grammar
Either … or is used:
1. to connect two choices – I have saved money to buy either a DVD player or a
mobile phone.
The text sentence: The people and great scientists who have a good knowledge of
mechanics have either been great inventors or have changed the world for the better.
2. to connect items, which are the same grammatical type, e.g. words, phrases,
clauses – You may stay either with me or with her. (connecting phrases)
Either I drive to the airport or I get a taxi. (connecting clauses)
The opposite of either … or is neither … nor
We are soaked through! We had neither umbrellas nor raincoats.
Sentence from the text: Statics studies objects that are either at rest, or in constant
motion, that is a motion with constant velocity as to its magnitude and direction.
Exercise 5. Insert either … or, neither … nor
1. I didn’t like the room. It was _____ (clean/ comfortable).
2. I couldn’t remember her name. It was ______ (Susan/ Sally).
3. I couldn’t go on holiday that year. I had ____ (time/ money).
4. We have tickets for Saturday or Sunday’ concert. Which day do you prefer? I don’t
care. I can go ____ (Saturday/ Sunday).
5. He is an ideal husband. He _____ (smoke/drink).
6. _____ he _____ I must go there.
7. I like ______ this book _______ that.
8. ____ Indian food ______ Chinese is expensive.
9. We need _____ fruit ______ vegetables.
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