STUDY OF RAINFALL RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP USING SCS-CN AND ANN MODELS FOR

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STUDY OF RAINFALL RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP
USING SCS-CN AND ANN MODELS FOR BENCH
TERRACES

A Thesis submitted to the

DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH
DAPOLI - 415 712
Maharashtra State (India)

In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
(AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING)

in
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING

by
Gauri Mallikarjun Mehendale

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH,
DAPOLI- 415 712, DIST. RATNAGIRI, M. S. (INDIA)
2012
STUDY OF RAINFALL RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP
USING SCS-CN AND ANN MODELS FOR BENCH
TERRACES

A Thesis submitted to the

DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH
DAPOLI - 415 712
Maharashtra State (India)

In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
(AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING)
in
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING

Approved by the Advisory Committee
Chairman and Research Guide

( K.D. Gharde)
Assistant Professor
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli

Members

(dilip MAHALE)
(B. L. Ayare)

Professor and Head
Agricultural Engineer,

Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Water Management Scheme,
Engineering,

Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi
College of Agricultural Engineering and
(H. N. Bhange)
( M. S. Mane)

Assistant Professor,
Associate Professor,

Department of Soil and Water
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Conservation Engineering,
Engineering
College of Agricultural Engineering
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that, this thesis or part thereof has not been submitted
by me or any other person to any other
University or Institute
for a Degree or
Diploma.

Place: CAET, Dapoli (Gauri Mallikarjun Mehendale)
Dated: / /2012
Shri. K. D. Gharde
B. Tech. (Agril.Engg.), M. Tech. (SWCE)
Chairman and Research Guide,
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering,
College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Dapoli- 415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, India.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “STUDY OF RAINFALL RUNOFF
RELATIONSHIP USING SCS-CN AND ANN MODELS FOR BENCH
TERRACES” submitted to the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Dr. Balasaheb
Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra State) in the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of
Technology (Agricultural Engineering) in Soil and Water Conservation
Engineering, embodies the record of a piece of bonafied research work carried out by
Miss Gauri Mallikarjun Mehendale under my guidance and supervision. No part of
the thesis has been submitted for any other degree, diploma or publication in any
other form.
The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation and
source of the literature have been duly acknowledged.

Place: CAET, Dapoli (K.D. Gharde)
Date: / /2012
Prof. dilip MAHALE
B. Tech. (Agril. Engg.), M.Tech. (SWCE)
Professor and Head,
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering,
College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,
Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Dapoli- 415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, India.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “STUDY OF RAINFALL RUNOFF
RELATIONSHIP USING SCS-CN AND ANN MODELS FOR BENCH
TERRACES” submitted to Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Dr. Balasaheb
Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, (Maharashtra State) in the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of
Technology (Agricultural Engineering) in Soil and Water Conservation
Engineering embodies the record of a piece of bonafide research work carried out by
Miss Gauri Mallikarjun Mehendale under the guidance and supervision of Shri. K.
D. Gharde, Assistant Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation
Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb
Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli and that no part of the thesis has been
submitted for any other degree, diploma or publication in any other form.
The assistance and help received during the course of this project work and
source of the literature have been duly acknowledged.

Place : CAET, Dapoli

Date : / / 2012 (dilip MAHALE)
Prof. dilip MAHALE
B. Tech. (Agril.Engg.), M. Tech. (SWCE)
Associate Dean,
College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,
Dr. Balsaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Dapoli 415 712, Dist. Ratnagiri,
Maharashtra, India.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “STUDY OF RAINFALL RUNOFF
RELATIONSHIP USING SCS-CN AND ANN MODELS FOR BENCH
TERRACES” submitted to the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Dr. Balasaheb
Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra State) in the
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of
Technology (Agricultural Engineering) in Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
is a record of bonafied research work carried out by Miss Gauri Mallikarjun
Mehendale under the guidance and supervision of Shri. K. D. Gharde, Assistant
Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other degree,
diploma or publication in any other form.

The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation and
source of the literature have been duly acknowledged.

Place: CAET, Dapoli
Date: / /2012. (dilip MAHALE)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my proud privilege to place on record, my sincere thanks to research
guide, and chairman of my advisory committee Shri. K. D. Gharde, Assistant
Professor, Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of
Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dapoli for his precious guidance and
valuable help throughout the research work.
I mention my sincere gratitude to Prof. dilip MAHALE, Associate Dean, College
of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr .Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli who gave me an opportunity for undergoing this research work
and providing necessary facilities for whenever needed.
It is my best privilege to express my sincere thanks to Dr. U. S. Mahadkar,
Head, Department, Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant
Konkan Krishi, Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, For providing rainfall data for the year 2011-
2012 and guidance during my project work.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. R.G. Burate, Head, Department of Soil
Science and Agricultural Chemistry for providing laboratory facilities to analyze
soil samples.
I am very much thankful to Dr. S.D. Gorantiwar, Head, Department of
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, MPKV, Rahuri and Shri. S. A. Kadam, Assistant
Professor, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, MPKV, Rahuri, For
giving guidance for solving software problem.
I am especially indebted to Dr. B. L. Ayare, Agricultural Engineer, Water
Management Scheme, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli for
his valuable suggestions and guidance for my research work.
I am thankful to Shri. H.N. Bhange, Assistant Professor, Department of Soil
and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Dapoli for providing all necessary help for completion of this research
work.
Grateful thanks are extended to Dr. M.S. Mane, Associate Professor,
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Dapoli, for encouragement and motivation in the
research work.
I am also grateful to Dr. S B. Nandgude, Associate Professor, Department of
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and
Technology, Dapoli for his co-operation for solving software problem during my
research work.
I am very much thankful to Miss S.M. Palkar, SRA, SWCE and Shri. Sanjay
Idate for their good co-operation and always rendered me helping hands during the
entire course work.
I am very glad to express my thanks to my friends Nandini, Sangita, Pradnya,
Vidya, Kirti, Sonam, Anjali, Anuja and Ganesh mention that it was impossible to
complete the research work without their assistance for the constant
encouragement and help during my project work.
I am also very thankful to my friends Anudnya, Hamid and Nilesh at IIT,
Kharagpur for providing me research paper throughout the year for my research
work.
I am extremely obliged to acknowledge the love and affection of my beloved
Aai-Baba and my sisters. I express my sincere thanks to all whom directly and
indirectly extended help during the research work.

Place : CAET, Dapoli
Date : / /2012. (Gauri Mallikarjun Mehendale)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr.No. Title Page No.
CANDIDATES’ DECLARATION iii
CERTIFICATES
1. Research Guide iv
2. Head of Department v
3. Associate Dean vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii-viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix-xi
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF PLATES xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xv
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS xvi-xviii
ABSTRACT xix-xx
1. INTRODUCTION 1-4
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5- 28
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 29-65
3.1 Materials 29-40
3.1.1 Study Area 29
3.1.2 Data Collection 29
3.1.3 Design of Bench Terraces 31
3.1.3.1 Design steps of Bench Terraces 31
3.1.3.1.1 Terrace spacing 31
3.1.3.1.2 Terrace gradient 32
3.1.3.1.3 Construction of bench terraces 33
3.1.4 Hydrologic Characteristics of Soil 34-36
3.1.4.1 Infiltration rate 34
3.1.4.2 Hydraulic conductivity 34
3.1.4.3 Permeability 35
3.1.4.4 Textural analysis 35
3.1.4.5 Soil depth 36
3.1.5 Physical properties 36-37
3.1.5.1 Bulk density 36
3.1.5.2 Particle density 37
3.1.5.3 Porosity 37
3.1.6 Chemical properties 37-39
3.1.6.1 Electrical conductivity 37
3.1.6.2 pH 38
3.1.6.3 Organic carbon 38
3.1.6.4 Organic matter 39
3.1.7 Installation of Automatic Water Stage Level Recorder 39-41
(AWSLR) and Silt Sampler
3.1.7.1 Stilling well 39
3.1.7.2 Water level recorder 39
3.1.7.3 H-flume 40
3.1.7.4 Intake pipes 40
3.1.7.5 Coshocton wheel 40
3.1.7.6 Silt sample collection tank 41
3.1.7.7 Recorder shelter 41
3.1.8 Working of Water Stage Level Recorder and Observe 41
Readings
3.2 Methodology 42-65
3.2.1 Runoff computation from automatic water stage level 42
recorder (AWSLR)
3.2.1.1 Analysis of runoff hydrograph: 42
3.2.1.2 Computation of soil loss by coshocton silt 43
sampler
3.2.2 SCS - CN method 43
i. Hydrologic soil group (HSG) 44
ii. Land use and conservation practice 45
iii. Hydrologic surface condition 46
iv. Antecedent moisture condition (AMC) 46
3.2.2.1 Estimation of Curve Number 47
1. Lognormal method 48
2 . Least square method 49
3. Asymptotic method 49
i. Complacent behaviour 49
ii. Standard behaviour 50
iii. Violent behaviour 50
3.2.2.2 Selection of table curve numbers (table values): 50
3.2.2.3 Evaluation of CNs 51
3.2.3 Artificial neural network (ANN) model 52-565
3.2.3.1 Transfer function 54
3.2.3.2 The backpropagation algorithm 54
3.2.3.3 Procedure for ANN model operation 57
3.2.3.4 Training procedure for neural network 59
3.2.4 Statistical Analysis of ANN Structure 65
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 65-98
4.1 Design of Bench Terraces 66
4.2 Measurement of Runoff from Bench Terraces 67
4.3 Hydrologic Soil Characteristics 70
4.3.1 Infiltration rate 70
4.3.2 Hydraulic conductivity 70
4.3.3 Permeability 71
4.3.4 Textural analysis 71
4.3.5 Soil depth 71
4.3.6 Physical properties 71-72
4.3.6.1 Bulk density 71
4.3.6.2 Particle density 72
4.3.6.3 Porosity 72
4.3.7 Chemical properties 72-73
4.3.7.1 Electrical conductivity 72
4.3.7.2 pH 72
4.3.7.3 Organic carbon 73
4.3.7.4 Organic matter 73
4.3.8 Land use and cover condition 73
4.3.9 Hydrologic soil group (HSG) 74