Study Guide for Understanding Pathophysiology

345 Pages·2011·3.37 MB·English

Study Guide for
Understanding
Pathophysiology
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Study Guide for
Understanding
Pathophysiology
Sue E. Huether, MSN, PhD
Professor Emeritus
College of Nursing
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
Kathryn L. McCance, MSN, PhD
Professor
College of Nursing
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
Section Editors
Valentina L. Brashers, MD
Professor Nursing and Attending Physician in Internal Medicine
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville, Virginia
Neal S. Rote, PhD
Academic Vice-Chair and Director of Research
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University Hospitals of Cleveland;
Professor of Reproductive Biology and Pathology
Case School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Prepared by
Clayton F. Parkinson, PhD
Professor Emeritus
College of Health Sciences
Weber State University
Ogden, Utah
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
STUDY GUIDE FOR UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, ISBN: 978-0-323-08489-5
5TH EDITION
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Notices
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Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Reviewers
Mandi Counters, RN, MSN, CNRN
Assistant Professor
Nursing Department
Mercy College of Health Sciences
Des Moines, Iowa
Bradley R Harrell, DNP, ACNP-BC, CCRN
Assistant Professor of Nursing
School of Nursing
Union University-Germantown
Germantown, Tennessee
Jane Cross Norman, Ph.D., R.N., CNE
Professor of Nursing
MSN Program Director
Tennessee State University
Nashville, Tennessee
Marylou Virginia Robinson, PhD, FNP-C
Assistant Professor
College of Nursing
University of Colorado
Aurora, Colorado

v
Reviewers
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Preface
The study of pathophysiology is complex, ever expanding, and challenging. It requires correlations between normal and
abnormal anatomy and physiology as well as the processes resulting in the manifestations of disease.
This Study Guide is designed for students as an adjunct to Understanding Pathophysiology, fifth edition, by Sue E.
Huether and Kathryn L. McCance. It is intended to facilitate an understanding of the consequences of pathologic proc-
esses on the structure and function of the human body.
The Study Guide contains 40 chapters, each following the organization of the textbook. The Guide’s chapters have
two different formats—one for normal anatomy and physiology and another for anatomic and physiologic alterations.
For the normal anatomy and physiology chapters, it is assumed that the student possesses foundational knowledge of
anatomy and physiology; therefore, no supplemental narrative is provided.
n These chapters have foundational objectives that direct review of the information, principles, and concepts that are
essential for understanding the specific diseases that follow in the next chapter. Chapters five and six depart from the
usual normal anatomy and physiology chapter’s format. This departure is because inflammation and immunity con-
cepts are frequently referenced throughout the following text and study guide chapters.
n Each chapter has a practice examination to give students an opportunity to assess their understanding of normality.
The chapters on alterations direct the learner’s study of abnormal anatomy and physiology.
n These chapters include 1) foundational objectives for review and 2) learning objectives for study with narrative, charts,
and tables.
n Each chapter has a practice examination requiring factual and conceptual knowledge related to disease mechanisms.
n Each chapter includes one or two case studies linking fact and concept to reality that require analysis and applica-
tion.
The objectives for all chapters are referenced to corresponding pages in the fifth edition of Understanding
Pathophysiology. Huether and McCance’s philosophy that students need to grasp basic laws and principles to understand
how alterations occur led them to develop an understandable and conceptually integrated textbook.
I enjoyed working with Mosby, particularly with Charlene Kechum and Jeanne Genz. All of Mosby’s staff ensured
that my efforts were developed into a creative, professional, and pleasing style for student learners. I wish to dedicate
my efforts during the preparation of this Study Guide to students who inspired me to search for a better way to convey
information to them.
Clayton F. Parkinson
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Preface
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contents
PaRt One Basic cOncePts Of PathOPhysiOlOgy
Unit 1 the cell
1. Cellular Biology, 1
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases, 5
3. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology, 11
4. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases, 17
Unit 2 Mechanisms of self-Defense
5. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound H ealing, 25
6. Third Line of Defense: Adaptive Immunity, 33
7. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense, 39
8. Stress and Disease, 47
Unit 3 cellular Proliferation: cancer
9. Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer, 53
10. Cancer Epidemiology, 63
11. Cancer in Children, 69
PaRt tWO BODy systeMs anD Diseases
Unit 4 the neurologic system
12. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System, 73
13. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function, 77
14. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function, 85
15. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction, 95
16. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children, 107
Unit 5 the endocrine system
17. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation, 113
18. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation, 117
Unit 6 the hematologic system
19. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System, 131
20. Alterations of Hematologic Function, 135
21. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children, 147
Unit 7 the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
22. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, 153
23. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function, 157
24. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children, 177
Unit 8 the Pulmonary system
25. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System, 183
26. Alterations of Pulmonary Function, 187
27. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children, 199
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Contents