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Studies on Some Oxyurid Nematodes
by
A rlle 0. Todd
A THESIS
Presented to the Faculty of
The Graduate College In the U niversity of Nebraska
In P artial Fulfillm ent of Requirement*
For the Degree of Doctor o f Philosophy
Department of Zoology
Lincoln, Nebraska
May, 1942
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UMI Number: DP13986
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction. .............. 1
Morphological and Life History Studios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
*8
Hammerachmidtiella dlealngl. ....................10
B lattloola frlettea..................................... ..2B
S h fto te a g is a a l* * * ............................................ s i
3&ag.teAS ISgJ^A tega............... 35
S teS teM ........................................................39
Aspleuluria to trac t ora. ........... .45
Environmental Factors Affecting Adult and Developing Forms
of H# dlealngl and L* appendlculatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2
Survival of Adult H. diesInal and L* appendlculatum
ritro, ..........................................
Hatching of Eggs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9
The Development of Eggs of H. dlealngl In Relation to
Temperature and Atmospheric Oxygen.........................6 3
Infective Eggs of K. dlealngl in Relation to Decreased
Atmospheric Oxygen ana increased Concentrations of
Other Cases .....................6 5
Amino Acids and th eir Relationship to Infective Eggs
of H. dlesia&l and appendlculatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7
Relationship of Bacteria and Infective Eggs In
Amino Acid Sol ut i ons. « . 7 5
Relationship of Ammonia to Infective Eggs of
B. dlealngl and L. appendlculatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4
Summary and Conclusions. .................. .89
Bibliography............................ 93
P la te s. ...........• • ......* ..• .• • 9 7
099005
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STUDIES ON SQm GXYURID NEfIATODES
INTRODUCTION
The study of oxyurld nematodes offers a broad, If not
new, field to the investigator* Probably no group of nema
todes is found in a greater variety of hosts than the Qxyu-
roidea* Representatives occur in every class of vertebrates
and in addition are common parasites of large numbers of in
vertebrates*
The e arlie r work on th is group was motivated by in terests
almost purely solentlfio and a considerable number of species
were studied and described. Increased knowledge of the effects
of parasites on th eir hosts stim ulated emphasis on the economic
phases of helminthology; investigators became concerned at
great length with parasites of man and domesticated animals*
Nematodes p arasitic in invertebrates received only scattered
in te rest.
More recently biological methods useful in controlling in
jurious insects have become of concern to nematologlsts and a
new appreciation of nematodes p arasitic in insects has arisen.
The economic importance of some nematodes, including several
oxyurids, has already been demonstrated. A well-known' example
of the resu lts of this type of research is found in Neoapleo-
tana glaseri Steiner an oxyurid which infects the larvae of
the Japanese beetle, Pooillia Japonioa Newman. An attempt is
now being made to lim it the d istrib u tio n and numbers of the
Japanese beetle by infecting its larvae. Farasityl^np.h^a .■aco-ly-
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2
tl Oldham, p arasitic in the body cavity of el® bark-beetles
(genua Scolvtua). has been shown to cause such a reduction
in the size of the reproductive organs of its hosts as to
bring aboui s te rility .
The present paper is based on studies of seven p arasitic
nematodes, five from invertebrate hosts, cockroaches (four)
and a water scavenger beetle (one), and two from vertebrate
hosts, mice. These studies were not carried out with a view
to th e ir application in the field of economic zoology; how
ever, knowledge of life h isto ries and data on requirements
of larv al forms of one group of worms are generally useful In
applied fields*
The paper fa lls rather easily into two parts; the f ir s t
part Is devoted to the morphology of the seven worms and also
contains notes on their life h isto ries. The second part is
devoted to a study of factors which lhfluenoe the development
of the eggs of two of the worms, Leidvnema appendlculatum
(Leidy) and Haameraehmidtiella dlealngl (Hammerschmidt), nema
todes p arasitic in cockroaches*
These studies were undertaken under the direction of Dr*
H, W. Manter. To him the w riter expresses appreciation for
his in terest and for the use of his personal library* The
w riter wishes to thank Dr, D, D, Whitney, Chairman of the De
partment of Zoology, who helped make available the equipment
and m aterials required for these studies* The w riter Is in
debted to Dr* K, H* Lewis, of the Department of Bacteriology,
for direction in the studies concerned with the physiology of
nematode eggs* Appreciation is also expressed to Dr* G. L*
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3
P e ltie r, Chairman of the Department of Bacteriology, who kind
ly furnished necessary equipment and m aterials for some of
the studies on nematode eggs.
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