Studies on adhesives for bonding rubber to rubber and rubber

187 Pages·2011·6.66 MB·English

by  Lynta Job

STUDIES ON ADHESIVES FOR BONDING
RUBBER TO RUBBER
AND RUBBER TO"TEXTILES
THESIS SUBMITTED TO
THE COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN THE
FACULTV OF TECHNOLOGY
BY
LYNTAJOB
DEPARTMENTOF POLYMER SCIENCE AND RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI • 682 022, INDIA
JANUARY 1999
"Thusfar the Lordhas helped us"
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is based on the original
work done by me under the guidance ofDr.Rani Joseph, Professor, Department of
Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and
Technology, and that no part of this thesis has been included in any other thesis
submittedpreviously for the award ofany degree.
M-
Lynta Job
Kochi-22,
27January 1999.
DEPART,"ENT OF POLYMER SCIENCE
AND RUBBER TECHNOLOGY
COCHINUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEAND TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI-681 022, INDIA
Dr.Rani .Ioseph
Professor
27 January 1999
Certificate
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rubberto rubberand rubberto textiles" i& ~on ~ ~ ~ d<YlW by
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Rani Joseph
(Supervising Teacher)
e-mail: hodpsrto'mJ2.\"Ill net.m
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deepest sense of obligation and gratitude to Dr.Rani
Joseph, Professor. Department ofPolymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin
University of Science and Technology for her invaluable guidance and perpetual
inspirationthroughoutthese investigations.
I am extremely thankful to Prof(Dr.)A.P.Kuriakose, Head ofthe Department
ofPolymer Science and Rubber Technology, for providing all the necessary help for
the successful completion ofthis work. I am also grateful to Prof(Dr.)K.E.George of
the Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology for providing me
necessarysuggestions and constantencouragement.
Prof.(Dr.)DJosephFrancis, former Headofthe Department whose affectionate
enquiries and cooperation were a blessing indeed. I am also grateful to all the faculty
members ofthis department for theirco-operation and encouragement.
I extend my heartfelt thanks to Prof(Dr.)P.Madhavan Pillai and
Prof.(Dr.}K.L.Sebastian former heads of the Department of Applied Chemistry and
Dr.K.K.Mohammed Yusuff, head of the Department of Applied Chemistry for the
inspirationand helpextendedto me. With a deep sense of gratitude, I express my
sincere thanks to all my fellow research scholars ofthe Department. I would also like
to thank Dr. G.Ajithkumar and Mr. Nibu George, International School of Photonics,
for theirwhole heartedco-operationand help.
I am very much indebted to the non-teaching staffofthe Department for all
the help and co-operation. Special thanks are due to the Staff of the University
Science Instrumentation Centre for their timely help and advice in fabricating various
partsofexperimental systems.
Thanks are due to Apollo Tyres, Perumbra and Premier tyres, Kalamassery for
providingnecessary facilities related to my research work.
I am grateful to Council of Scientificand Industrial Research (CSIR), Govt. of
India,for the financial assistance.
I hereby acknowledge with thanks the invaluable services rendered by the staff
of'SagaMedia' for the preparationofthis thesis.
Finally, I am very much indebted to my husband Dr.Jayan Thomas, our
daughter Merin Philo Thomas, our parents, brothers and sisters and all our relatives
and friends for theiraffection, patience, interestandconstantencouragement.
LyntaJob
Contents Page
Cbapter I
Introduction
CbapterD
Experimental Techniques 40
Cbapterm
PartI 56
Studieson adhesives basedon natural rubber and waste latex reclaim
for bonding vulcanizatesof NR with NR and NR/PB with NR/PB
Part11 69
Developmentoflow cost adhesives for precuredretreading process
CbapterIV
Part I 78
Studiesonadhesives basedon differentelastomers for bonding
vulcanizates ofCR with CR. CR with NR and NR with NBR
Part11 90
Developmentofroom temperature curable adhesives for bonding
vulcanizates ofCR with CR and NR with NR
Cbapter V
Part I 101
Studies on rubberto nylon tire cord bonding
Part 11 123
Studies on rubberto rayon tire cord bonding
ChapterVI
Part I 142
Studieson theeffectofreplacementofRF resin in the RFL
adhesive partially or wholly by otherpotential agents
Partll 169
Comparison andevaluation ofthe efficiency ofnovel adhesives
developed withthatofcommercial adhesives
ChapterVll
Summary andconclusions 176
List ofAbbreviations
NR Natural rubber
PB Polybutadiene rubber
NBR Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber
CR Chloroprene rubber
CNR Chlorinatednatural rubber
NRlatex Natural rubber latex
VPlatex Vinyl pyridine terpolymer latex
ZnO Zinc oxide
VulkanoxHS 1,2,-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl quinoline,
Polymerized
Vulkanox4020 N (1,3- dimethyl butyl N'- phenyl - p-phenylene diamine)
RAF, N- 330 Highabrasion furnace black
VGC Viscosity gravity constant
MgO Magnesium oxide
MOR Benzthiazyl-Z-sulphenmorpholide
TMTD Tetramethyl thiuram disulphide
TMTM Tetramethyl thiuram monosulphide
NA22 Ethylenethiourea
PF Phenol formaldehyde
CNSL Cashewnut shell liquid
ZDC Zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate
MBTS Dibenzthiazyl disulphide
T Scorchtime-The time taken for attaining 10% ofthe
lOmin
maximumtorque.
T90min Optimumcuretime -Thetime taken forattaining90% of
the maximum torque
l\M Mass loss
p Densityofsample.
kg-f Kilogramforce
N/mm Newtonpermillimeter
N/mm2 Newton permillimeter square
psi Poundsper squareinch
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
When two solids with plane surfaces are brought together they make contact
on the molecular scale only at rare points at their common interface. The application
offorce across the interface can cause distortion ofthe contact points making them
into areas but some ofthe energy applied in doing this is stored as elastic energy and
on removal ofthe load, it is utilized inbreaking any union formed. The introduction
of a liquid to displace the air can create a situation in which real contact is made
throughoutthe interfacebut notbetween bodyand body,but betweenbodyand liquid.
Ifthis liquidcan solidify, the desired state ofsolid body contact is achieved although
the solid body contains a plane ofchemically different substances. This material used
to bring about the change from occasional touch to intimate contact is an adhesive.
Adhesion refers to the state in which two dissimilar bodies are held together
by intimate interfacial contact such that mechanical force or work can be transferred
across the interface. The interfacial forces holding the two phases together may arise
fromvander Waalsforce,chemical bondingorelectrostaticattraction. Themechanical
strength ofthe system is determined not only by interfacial forces, but also by the
mechanical properties of the interfacial zone and two bulk phases. Various other
definitions for adhesion have been proposed However, none is completely
1-7.
satisfactory or generally accepted. Any satisfactory definition must account for both
the thermodynamic and mechanical aspects ofadhesion.