Table Of Content-
ADHESION SCTF>NC,FA* ND ENGlNEERING I
THE
MECHANICS
O F ADHESION
Edited by D.A. Dillard and A X Pocius
ADHESION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - 1
Series Editor
A.V. Pocius
The cover displays a micrograph of glass particles on a plasticized polystyrene substrate showing
adhesion-induced viscous flow of the substrate and encapsulation of the particle. The crater is the
deformed substrate after a particle had been removed. The micrograph was taken by Ray Bowen
and was supplied by Dr. Donald Rimai.
ADHESION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - I
THE MECHANICS OF ADHESION
Edited by
D.A. Dillard
Virginia Tech
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
120 Patton Hall
Blackburg, VA 24061
U.S .A .
A.V. Pocius
3M Adhesive Technologies Center
3M Center; Building 201 -4N-01
St. Paul, MN 55144-1000
U.S A.
2002
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Printed in The Netherlands.
Adhesion science and technology is inherently an interdisciplinary field, requir-
ing fundamental understanding of mechanics, surfaces, and materials, the topics
emphasized in this Adhesion Science and Engineering series. This volume focuses
attention on the contribution of mechanics principles and solutions to under-
standing the fabrication, design, analysis, and testing of adhesive bonds. Building
on the fundamentals laid by such noted mechanicians as Winkler, Timoshenko,
Volkersen, Goland, Reissner, Williams, Gent, and Johnson, this volume offers a
comprehensive overview of the current understanding of stresses, deformation,
and fracture parameters associated with a range of adhesive bonds.
Starting with a background and introduction to stress transfer principles (Chap-
ter l), fracture mechanics and singularities (Chapter 2), and an energy approach
to debonding (Chapter 3), the volume continues with analysis of structural lap
(Chapter 4) and butt (Chapter 5)j oint configurations. The volume continues with
discussions of test methods for strength and constitutive properties (Chapter 6),
fracture (Chapter 7), and peel (Chapter 8). Chapter 9 covers coatings, the case
of adhesion to a single substrate, and Chapter 10 addresses elastomeric adhe-
sives such as sealants. The role of mechanics in determining the locus of failure
in bonded joints is discussed (Chapter ll), followed by a chapter on rheology
relevant to adhesives and sealants (Chapter 12). Pressure sensitive adhesive per-
formance (Chapter 13), the principles of tack and tack measurements (Chapter
14), and contact mechanics relevant to wetting and surface energy measurements
(Chapter 15) are then covered. The volume concludes with sections on fiber-
matrix bonding and reinforcement (Chapter 16), durability considerations for
adhesive bonds (Chapter 17), ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation of adhesive
bonds (Chapter 18), and design of adhesive bonds from a strength perspective
(Chapter 19).
The references cited in the chapters herein represent only a portion of the
intense effort and contributions made by the mechanics community working in ad-
hesion science and technology. Through compiling these important topics covered
by the respective chapters, along with the surfaces and materials issues addressed
in the companion volumes, the editors hope to address the need for a current
and comprehensive series of books that provides an overview of this broad and
interdisciplinary field. As the scientific and engineering community comes to a
better understanding of the mechanics, surface, and materials issues, improved
models of representing complex bonded systems will develop. Technical chal-
lenges remain for understanding how properties of the adhesive and adherends
vi Preface
affect the performance and durability of bonded joints and structures, how de-
signers can reliably utilize adhesive bonds in a variety of service conditions, and
how mechanics’ insights can efficiently be translated into improving surfaces and
adhesives. One can only wonder what new science will be developed as we move
into the nanomechanics world, where the applicability of continuum mechanics
becomes questionable as atomic scales are approached.
The editors of this volume would like to express sincere appreciation to each
of the authors for their invaluable contributions to this volume. Their collective
expertise represents many years of industrial and academic experience in the field
of adhesion science and technology, and we are very grateful for the time and
effort they have devoted to the task. We would also like to thank the employers
of each of the contributors for allowing them to take on the added responsibilities
associated with this volume. We would like to thank Mrs. Shelia L. Collins for
her diligence in contacting authors, maintaining files, and assembling materials
prior to publication. Assistance from the Engineering Science and Mechanics
Department and Center for Adhesive and Sealant Science at Virginia Tech is
specifically acknowledged. Finally, we would like to thank our wives for their
patience as we compiled and edited the volume.
ALPHONSUSV . POCIUS DAVIDA . DILLARD
Editor Associate Editor
Corporate Scientist Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics
3M Company Directol; Centerf or Adhesive and Sealant Science
St. Paul, MN, USA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA, USA
Contents
Preface .................................................................. v
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of stress transfer in bonded systems
D.A. Dillard ................................................. 1
Chapter 2. Fracture mechanics and singularities in bonded systems
K.M. Liechti ................................................. 45
Chapter 3. Energy analysis of adhesion
K. Kendall ................................................... 77
Chapter 4. Strength of lap shear joints
R.D. Adams and R.G.H. Davies ............................... 1 1 1
Chapter 5. Strength of butt and sharp-comered joints
E.D. Reedy JK ............................................... 145
Chapter 6. Mechanical testing of adhesive joints
K.L. DeVries and D.O. Adams ................................ 193
Chapter 7. Measurement and analysis of the fracture properties of adhesive
joints
M.D. Thouless and Q.D. Yang ................................ 235
Chapter 8. The mechanics of peel tests
A.J . Kinloch and J.G. Williams ................................ 273
Chapter 9. The mechanics of coatings
M.P apini and J.K. Spelt. ..................................... 303
Chapter 10. Stresses and fracture of elastomeric bonds
N. Shephard ................................................. 351
Chapter 11 . Crack path selection in adhesively bonded joints
B. Chen and D.A. Dillard ..................................... 389
