Students Marathi Grammar

393 Pages·2017·25.16 MB·English

STUDENT S MARATHi G
RAMMAR.
BY T H E
R EV. GA NPA T R AO R . A VA LKAN
,
N
FEL LOW OF T H E BOM BA Y UN IVER S I T Y
.
Thou h i t would be a mi stake to attem t i n our elementar sohooh to
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place an empi ri cal by a scienti fic knowledge of Grammar, that empirical
knowled e of Grammar ou ht i n time to be rai sed to a real. rational and
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satisf in knowled e. a knowled e not onl of facts but of reasons a
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knowled e that teaches us not onl what Grammar i s but how i t came to be
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what i t i s. M awM uller.
T H I R D EDITION R EVI SED A
ND EN L A R GED .
( )
B omba
y
PR IN T ED A T T H E
"
’
EDUCA T ION S
OCIETY S PRESS BYCULLA
,
2
1 94
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(A l l ri hts reserved. )
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PREFACE T0 THE SECOND EDITION.
’
'
T ms i s a new and enlar ed edi ti on of the STUDENr s
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M A N UAL or M A RA ai GRAM M A R desi ned e uall for b
e i n
,
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ners and advanced students
. The former are advi sed to ass
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over the Notes rinted in small t e as well as the ortions i n
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the text whi ch are s ecifi ed as useful at an advanced sta e of
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stud . I have i ven cO ious ex lanations not seldom ventur
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i n to cfler a rationale of the facts or forms di scussed as i n
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telli ent students i n these da s are ex ected to know more
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than what i s merel elementar and ractical. I have also
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endeavoured to determine the exact form and sense of ever
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rammati cal word and inflection and the value of definite
;
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O ini ons on these oi nts can be trul estimated onl b those
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who are ac uainted wi ththe resent ainful state of uncertai nt
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and doubt that enerall revails. I have moreover attem t
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ed to sim li f and s stemati se several difli cult de artments of
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M arathi rammar. I would s eci all ci te b wa of e
xam le
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th e Declension o Nouns. T he number of the Declensions has
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been reduced from six or seven to three i f not absolutel to
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one whi le a most si m le method of derivi n the crude-fo
rm
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has been su ested. B the ai d of two ronominal letters a
n
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M arathi noun could he decli ned with absolute certaint
. For
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thi s and other im ortant chan es in m book
, I am indebted
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chiefl to the Com /rati os Grammar of Boer. a work which i s
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not more valuable for what i t ex lici tl teaches than for wha
t
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i t obscurel su ests. It i s b a stud of this wonderfulwork
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that I have been led to look for somethin
g deeper, truer, and
more S iri tual i n Words than what thei r external form revea
ls
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and i t i s under i ts uidance that
, I believe, I have attained
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thou h but i m erfectl , to the hidden life of some of t
he
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M arathi words and i nflecti ons. Indeed there is nothi n
, arbi
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trar and conventional in lan ua e :ever form of it i s i ns
tinc
t
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with li fe and reason. Pani ni ma be said to have i ven i
t a
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PREFA CE.
bod of erfect beaut and s mmetr but Bo has the honour
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of havin communicated to i t the breath of life!
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The sections on the Inherent at the A ccent the Com ound
,
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Verbs
, &c. , ma
y be regarded as qui te new and ori gi nal, whi le
the cha ters on Et
ymology, though they cannot claim much
p
ori inali t , wi ll not fai l to rove i nteresti n . The have been
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’
written chiefl with the ai d of Dr. M um s Sanskri t Texts,
y
’ ’
Professor CownL s Prékri t Prakésa, and M r. Emma s Oom
-
arati ve Grammar o the Indo A r an Vemaculars. Ver valu
f y y
p
able i nformati on on the M arathi i dioms has been derived from
the works of M OLESWORT H , CANDY and ST EVEN SON .
Besides the works ci ted above I have rofitabl consulted
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man others
, amon whi ch I would menti on wi th rominence
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the miscellaneous wri tin s of Profs . M A X M ii LLER and WH ITNEY,
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resenti n as the do the results of the modern hi lolo ical
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i nvesti ati ons in a sim le and attracti ve form lit u with
,
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,
ori i nal observati ons of reat beaut and force as well as the
,
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M arathi Grammars of m ersonal fri ends M essrs.
,
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DADOBA and GODBOLE to ether with the H indi and Urdu
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Grammars of the R ev. W . ET H ER INGTON and Prof. DOWSON .
I ra that the Divi ne blessi n ma rest u on thi s humble
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effort to benefi t students.
PR EFACE TO TH E TH IRD EDITI
ON.
-
Some ortions of thi s book have been re wri tten anda reat
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deal of new matter has been added which I trust will enhance
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i ts utili t and im ortance.
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Ever form of declension and con u ation ever eni tive and ever
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so called infiniti
ve and erund i s the result of a lon succession of efforts
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and of i ntelli ent
efforts. T here i s nothi n accidental nothin irre ular
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nothin without a ur ose and meanin i n an art of Greek or Latin
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rammar. No
one who has once discoveredthis hi dden life of lan ua e no
,
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one who has once found out that what seemed to be merel anomalous and
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whimsical in lan ua e is but
, as i t were, a etrifacti on of thou ht of dee
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curi ous
,
poetical, phi losophi cal thought, wull ever rest a si n till he has
descended as far ash
e can descend into the ancient shafts of uman s eech
,
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ex lorin level after level and testi n ever successi ve foundation which
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su orts the surface of each S oken lan ua e M awM ul
ler.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PA R T I.
Ortho ra h . PAGE
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C H A PTER I . Letters thei r Forms and Sounds l 1 4 1
,
—
C H A PTER I I . The Nature o the Letters 9
f
1
. The Vowels, 15 20 9
2. The Consonants 21 28 1 2
,
—
[IL The Powers o the Letters 1 5
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l . S llabiflcati on 29 32.
, §
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2. S llabic Pronunci ati on 3 3 39
,
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1 The Inherent a
t
,
( )
2 The A nusvara 3 8
( ) ,
3 The A ccent 3 9
( ) ,
3 . R ules on S elli n 4 0
,
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Et molo .
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—
C H APT ER IV. The Classi cati on and In a ti on o Words
fi
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Genera Observati ons 4 ] 53
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Gender 4 8 5]
, §
Number 52 53
,
—
C H A PT ER V. The Substanti ve
The Divi sion of Substanti ves 54
,
§
2. The Gender of Substanti ves 60 6
9
,
l The Determinati on of the Gender b
.( )
y
the form of the Substanti ves 6 1
,
2 B the Si ni ficati on of the Substan
( ) y g
ti y es 62 63
, §
3 The Deri vati on of the Gender Forms
( ) ,
64 69 .
-
C H A PT RR VI . Numbers o Substantives, 70 7 l
f
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C H A PT ER VII . Cases o Substanti ves
f
The Enumeration of the Cases 72 83 .
,
-
Table of the Case T erminations s 84 85.
,
{
CONTENT S .
PA GE
—
CH A PTER VIII . Deelensrbn o Substanti ves
f
Declensi ons enumerated a
nd ex lained
,
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87 100
— -
CH A PTER IX. Declensi om continued.
The fi rst Declensi on 101
,
The Second Declensi on 104 10
7
,
The Thi rdDeclension 108 1 1 1
,
—
CH A PTER X. The A d ecti ve
j
The A djecti ve of ualit 1 12 1 1 8
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The A djective of Number 1 19 1 4 9
,
1 . T he Cardinal Numerals 120 1 3 a
,
2. The Ordinal Numerals 1 3 6 1 3 8
,
3 . The M ulti li catives 1 39 14 0
,
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4 . T he Fractionals 14 1 1 4 7
,
5 . The Di stributives 1 4 8
,
6 . The Indefinites 14 9
, §
—
CH APTER XI . The Pronouns
Enumeration of the Pronouns 1 50 1 52.
,
1 . The Personal Pronouns l 53
,
2. The Indefini te Personal Pronoun
,
1 59
3 . The R elative Proiiouns 1 62 1 65
,
4 . The Demonstrati ve Pronouns 1 66
,
1 72
5 T he Interro ati ve Pronouns 1 73
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1 76
6 . The Indefini te Pronouns 1 77
,
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CH A PTER XII. The Verbs
The Classi fication of the Verb 1 78 187.
,
—
CH A PT ER XIII. The In ecti on o Verbs
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General Observations 1 88 1 92
,
1 . The Tenses 1 93 199
,
2. T he M oods 200 205
,
3 . The Pra o as 206 21 2
, §
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4 . T he Parti ci les and the Verbal
Nouns
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21 3 21 5
CONT ENTS . vi i
PAGE
C H APT ER X lV. Con u ati on
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Classificati on Of the Conju ati ons and Para
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di ms 21 7 222
, §
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C H A P TER XV. Con u ati on continued.
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1 . Causal Verbs 223 23 2
, §
2. Potential Verbs 23 3 23 8
,
3 . A nomalous Verbs 239
,
4 . Irre ular Verbs 24 1 24 2
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C H A P TER XVI. The A uxi li ar Verbs
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General Observations 24 3 251
,
1 . The Substanti ve Verbs 252
,
2. The Verb 256
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3 . Ne ative Forms 257
,
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— *
C H A PT ER XVII . A uzi li ar Verbs continued.
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The M odal Verbs 258 285
,
1 . The Verb 259 266
W A
2. The Verb
was} 267 269
,
6 . T he Verb a
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, § 27o 276
4 . T he Verb
m 274 278
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5. T he Verb
T i 279 286
,
-
C H A PTER XVII. Oom ound Verbs
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General Observati ons 287 2
91
,
The Nominals 292 300
,
The Verbal Com ounds 30]
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1 . The Potentials 3 02
,
2. The Passives 303 305
, §
3 . The Intensives 306 307
, §
4 The Continuatives and Fre u
entiv
es
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308
u
g T he Desideratives 309
,
s
o The Ince tives 3 10
, §
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q The Permissives 3 1 1
,
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o The Obli ationals
, 3 1 2
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vi ii
CONT ENT S .
PAGE
—
CHA PTER XVII The Com ound Tenses
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General Observations
3 1 3 3 1 8
,
The Indicati ve M ood 3 18 3 21
,
The Condi tional M ood 3 22
3 25
,
The Subjuncti ve M ood 326 3 29
,
The Partici le
s 33 0
,
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—
CH A PTER XVIII . Para
di mas o Verbs
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The Paradi m 3 32
, 3
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First Con u ation
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Second Conju ation
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CH A PTER XIX The Parti cles
The A dverb 3 3 5 3 4 8
,
The Post osi ti on 3 4 9 3 55
,
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The Conjunction 3 56 3 57
,
The Interjection 3 58 3 60
,
PA R T II .
—
C HA PTER XX. T he Ori i n and Goll t osi /iou o
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General Observati ons 3 6 1 3 67 208
,
—
I . The Chan es of Sansk ri t Words
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1 . The Vowel Chan es 3 68 3 6 9 21 1
,
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2
. Sim le Consonant Chan es 3 70 212
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3 . T he Com ound Consonant Chan es
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3 71 3 77 21 3
—
IL Inflectional Chan es 3 73 21 5
,
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II I . The Desa Words 3 74 21 6
,
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—
IV. TheChan es of P rakri t Words 3 75
,
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—
V. Classificati on of the elements which
com rise M arathi 3 78 21 9
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— —
VL The M arathi R oots 3 80 3 81 221
,
—
CH APT ER XXL The Pri nci les o M arathi Deri vati on
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General Observations 3 82 3 84
,
-
I. Primar Derivatives
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—
1
. The Causal Verb 3 86 3 98 228
,
—
2. The Potential Verb 399 4 01 23 1
,
PA GE
II . Secondar Derivatives
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Prefixes 4 03 4 05
,
Suflixes 4 06 4 14
, §
—
III . The R edu licatives 4 1 5 4 3 1
,
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— —
C H APTER XXII P rinci les o Derivation continued.
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—
IV. Com ounds
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General Observati ons 4 3 2 4 3 6
,
1 . Substanti ve Com ounds 4 3 7
,
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1 Determinati ve Com ounds 4 3 8 4 40
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2 Co ulati ve Com ounds 4 4 1
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2. A djecti ve Com ounds 4 4 3 4 4 6
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3 . A dverbial Com ounds 4 4 7 44 8
,
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—
II . Obscure Com ounds 4 4 9 4 50
,
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—
III . A arent Com ounds 4 51
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—
C H A P TER XXIII The P ermutati on o Letters
at?
f (
)
General Observations 4 52 4 53
,
1 . The Combinati on of Vowels 4 54 4 55.
,
2. The Combination of Consonants 4 56
, §
4 60 s o .
3 . The A nusvara 4 6 1
,
4 . The Vi sar a 4 62
, §
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PA R T II I.
—
C H A P T ER XXIV R ules o Concordance
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1 . The arran ement Of words i nto Sentences
,
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4 63 51 ]
§
2. The varieties Of the Subject 4 77 4 7 9
,
3 . The Case of the Subject 4 80 4 81
,
4 . The R elati on of the Nomi native to the
Verb 4 82 4 85
,
5 . Two or more Nominatives 4 86
,
6 . The Object 4 87
,
7. Two Objects 4 95 508
,
8. The Object bein a Sentence 509 51 1 .
,
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