Table Of Contentstudent activism in asia
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STUDENT ACTIVISM IN ASIA
Between Protest and Powerlessness
meredith l. weiss and
edward aspinall, editors
University of Minnesota Press
Minneapolis
London
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Copyright 2012 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
Published by the University of Minnesota Press
111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290
Minneapolis, MN 55401-2 520
http://www.upress.umn.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Student activism in Asia : between protest and powerlessness / Meredith L. Weiss
and Edward Aspinall, editors.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8166-7968-3 (hardback) — ISBN 978-0-8166-7969-0 (pb)
1. Student movements—Asia. 2. College students—Political activity—Asia.
3. Students—Political activity—Asia. 4. Asia—Politics and government. I. Weiss,
Meredith L. (Meredith Leigh). II. Aspinall, Edward.
LA1058.7.S88 2012
378.1981095—dc23 2012021969
Printed in the United States of America on acid-f ree paper
The University of Minnesota is an equal-o pportunity educator and employer.
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments vii
Abbreviations ix
Introduction Understanding Student Activism in Asia 1
Meredith L. Weiss, Edward Aspinall, and Mark R. Thompson
1 China: Regime Shakers and Regime Supporters 33
Teresa Wright
2 Japan: Student Activism in an Emerging Democracy 57
Patricia G. Steinhoff
3 Hong Kong: Problems of Identity and Independence 79
Stephan Ortmann
4 Taiwan: Resisting Control of Campus and Polity 101
Teresa Wright
5 South Korea: Passion, Patriotism, and Student Radicalism 125
Mi Park
6 Indonesia: Moral Force Politics and the Struggle against
Authoritarianism 153
Edward Aspinall
7 Burma: A Historic Force, Forcefully Met 181
Win Min
8 Malaysia: More Transformed Than Transformational 205
Meredith L. Weiss
9 Thailand: The Cultural Politics of Student Resistance 229
Prajak Kongkirati
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10 The Philippines: Students, Activists, and
Communists in Movement Politics 259
Patricio N. Abinales
Conclusion Trends and Patt erns in Student Activism in Asia 281
Edward Aspinall and Meredith L. Weiss
Contributors 297
Index 299
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book is the product of a collaborative research project that has been
several years in the making. It began with a panel on student activism in
Southeast Asia at a meeting of the Association for Asian Studies in 2004.
At this panel, we fi rst brainstormed some of the ideas that we eventually
distilled in this book. Suzaina Kadir, Kyaw Yin Hlaing, and Vincent Bou-
dreau were all participants in this early effort. We thank them for their
input and encouragement.
After this early beginning and further research, we held two work-
shops in 2008 and 2009, where we worked out the framework, tested
it against country experiences, looked for patterns in student activism
across the whole region, and scrutinized and discussed draft chapters.
The Asian Political and International Studies Association (APISA) funded
and hosted the fi rst workshop in Kuala Lumpur. We are particularly
grateful to Hari Singh of APISA for his support and encouragement and
to Patricia Vazquez-M arin for making the organization of the event so
painless. The second workshop, at the National University of Singapore
(NUS), was supported by the Lee Kong Chian NUS- Stanford Initiative
on Southeast Asia and the Global Cities Research Cluster at NUS. We
are particularly thankful for the expert administrative assistance pro-
vided by Rodney Sebastian, as well as the support of Brenda Yeoh, then
vice dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. In these workshops,
we benefi tted greatly from comments and other insights provided by,
among others, Benedict Anderson, Donald Emmerson, Ramon Guill-
ermo, Huang Jianli, Chua Beng Huat, Sharaad Kuttan, Jamie Davidson,
Michael Montesano, Loh Kah Seng, Suzaina Kadir, and Tian Chua.
As editors, we want to convey especially warm thanks to the coauthor
of our introduction, Mark R. Thompson. Mark was an integral part of the
.
vii
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intellectual endeavor of both workshops. He provided a very stimulating
paper on broad patterns of student protest in the region, which triggered
much discussion and infl uenced many of the chapters in this book. He
played a crucial role in organizing the second workshop as a Lee Kong
Chian NUS- Stanford distinguished fellow and arranging the funding for it.
Moreover, we could not have had a more enthusiastic, cooperative,
and patient group of contributors. Clearly, the book would not be what
it is without their efforts—a nd it has been a true pleasure to work with
all of them.
Allison Ley at the Australian National University (ANU) played an
invaluable role early in the preparation of the manuscript in particular,
compiling and copyediting chapters. Yeufen Hsieh at the University at
Albany, State University of New York, played a similar role later on. Thuy
Thu Pham, Emma Campbell, and Sang- Young Park also helped in prepa-
ration of the manuscript in various ways.
At the University of Minnesota Press, we wish to thank Jason Weide-
mann, who was both encouraging and extraordinarily effi cient from the
moment he heard about the volume. Danielle Kasprzak shepherded us
through the production process and Scribe Inc. copyedited the volume.
The two reviewers for the press provided very helpful comments. Since
they declined to remain anonymous, we are happy to be able to thank
them by name: Namhee Lee and Fabio Lanza.
Finally, we wish to thank, both for ourselves and on behalf of our
authors, the countless student activists, past and present, who down the
years have shared their experiences and analyses with us. The contribu-
tors to this volume have together spent many years researching student
activism, not only conducting archival research, but also meeting and
interviewing activists, and observing their activities. Some of our authors
were once student activists themselves and were participants in some of
the events they describe. Our book represents a testament to the efforts
of Asian students to transform their states and societies, as much as it is
an effort to understand their motivations and impacts.
Meredith L. Weiss
Edward Aspinall
.
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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ABBREVIATIONS
ABFSU All Burma Federation of Students Union
ABIM Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (Malaysian Islamic Youth
Movement)
ABL Anti- British League
ABSU All Burma Students Union
ANU Australian National University
APISA Asian Political and International Studies Association
ARATS Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits
BBMN Badan Bertindak Mahasiswa Negara (National Students’ Action
Front)
Beida Beijing University
BEM Badan Eksekutif Mahasiswa (Student Executive Body)
BN Barisan Nasional
CCP Chinese Communist Party
CDO City District Officer
CGMI Consentrasi Gerakan Mahasiswa Indonesia (Indonesian
Student Movement Concentration)
CPK Communist Party of Korea
CPP Communist Party of the Philippines
CPT Communist Party of Thailand
DAB Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of
Hong Kong
DEMA Gerakan Demokratik Belia dan Pelajar Malaysia (Malaysia
Youth and Students Democratic Movement)
DPJ Democratic Party of Japan
DPP Democratic Progressive Party
DYMS Democratic Youth Movements
.
ix
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