Structure and Properties of Cell Membrane Structure and Properties of Cell Membranes : Volume II

260 Pages·2017·24.73 MB·English

by  Benga

Structure
and
Properties
of
Cell Membranes
Volume II
Molecular Basis
of
Selected Transport Systems
Editor
Gheorghe Benga, M.D., Ph.D.
Head, Department of Cell Biology
Faculty of Medicine
Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
CRC Press
(ci*;
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York
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First published 1985 by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Molecular basis of selected transport systems.
(Structure and properties of cell membranes; v. 2)
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Biological transport. 2. Molecular biology.
I. Benga, Gheorghe. II Series. [DNLM: 1. Cell
Membrane-physiology. 2. Cell Membrane—ultrastructure.
3. Biological Transport. QH 601 S9285]
QH509.M65 1985 574.87’5 84-19942
ISBN 0-8493-5765-9
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 84019943
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ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89787-5 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07697-5 (ebk)
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PREFACE
In recent years it has become apparent that many essential functions of living cells are
performed by membrane-associated events. Membranes are highly selective permeability
barriers that impart their individuality on cells and organelles (Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
lysosomes, etc.) by forming boundaries around them and compartmentalizing specialized
environments. By receptor movement and responses to external stimuli, membranes play a
central role in biological communication. Owing to various enzymes attached to or embedded
into membranes they are involved in many metabolic processes. The two important energy
conversion processes, photosynthesis in chloroplasts and oxidative phosphorylation in mi­
tochondria, are carried out in membranes. To understand all these processes, which are
essential for living organisms, it is necessary to understand the molecular nature of membrane
structure and function.
The main purpose of this book is to provide in-depth presentations of well-defined topics
in membrane biology, focusing on the idea of structure-function relationships at the mo­
lecular level. The book consists of three volumes.
Volume 1 covers general aspects of structure-function relationships in biological mem­
branes. Attention has been paid both to protein and lipid components of cell membranes
regarding the interactions between these components, mobility of proteins and lipids, as
well as to the physiological significance of membrane fluidity and lipid-dependence of
membrane enzymes. Since some molecular components of the plasma membrane appear to
function in concert with some component macromolecules of basement membranes a review
of this expanding topic has been included.
Volume 2 is devoted to models and techniques which allow molecular insights into cell
membranes. After the first chapter describes quantum chemical studies of proton translo­
cation, several chapters present the most extensively used model systems (monomolecular
films, planar lipid bilayers, and liposomes) in relation to biomembranes as well as the
reconstitution of membrane transport systems. The description of some biophysical tech­
niques (X-ray, spin labeling ESR, NMR) is focused on their use in studying stucture-function
relationships in cell membranes. The remaining chapters in this volume are devoted to the
physiological significance of surface potential of membranes and of the dietary manipulation
of lipid composition.
Volume 3 covers transport at the molecular level in selected systems. The first chapters
present basic kinetics and pH effects on membrane transport, while subsequent chapters
focus on the effect of membrane lipids on permeability in prokaryotes or on Ca2+ perme­
ability. Three chapters describe structure-function relationships in mitochondrial H -
ATPase, cytochrome oxidase, and adenine nucleotide carrier. The last chapter is devoted
to exocytosis, endocytosis, and recycling of membranes, which are distinct, albeit overlap­
ping, cellular processes.
From this survey it is obvious that by application of biochemical and biophysical techniques
it is possible to explain membrane phenomena at the molecular level in a meaningful way.
Moreover, it is now clear that the study of cell membranes at the molecular level is important
for understanding the alterations leading to abnormal cells or the understanding of drug and
pesticide action. The multidisciplinary approach of research in this area and the permanent
need for information regarding the recent advances require new books on cell membranes.
The present collection of reviews is by no means a comprehensive treatise on all aspects of
“membranology”, rather a sampling of the status of selected topics. The volumes, providing
contributions for reference purposes at the professional level, are broadly aimed at bioche­
mists, biologists, biophysicists, physicians, etc., active investigators working on cell mem­
branes and hopefully will also be of great help to teachers and students at both the undergraduate
or postgraduate levels.
THE EDITOR
Dr. Gheorghe Benga, M.D., Ph.D., is the Head of the Department of Cell Biology at
the Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. He is also heading the
Laboratory of Human Genetics of the Cluj County Hospital.
In 1967, Dr. Benga received an M.D. with academic honors from the Medical and
Pharmaceutical Institute. After 3 years of internship (1966 to 1969) in basic medical sciences
(biochemistry, microbiology), he studied for a Ph.D. in medical biochemistry from 1969 to
1972 under Prof. Ion Manta, Department of Biochemistry, at the same Institute. In 1972,
Dr. Benga received a B.Sc. in Chemistry and in 1973, an M.Sc. in Physical Chemistry of
Surfaces from the University of Cluj.
From 1972 to 1978, Dr. Benga was Lecturer and Senior Lecturer in the Department of
Biochemistry at the Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute. In 1974 he was awarded a Well­
come Trust European Travelling Fellowship and spent 1 year in England as a postdoctoral
research worker under Prof. Dennis Chapman, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,
University of Sheffield and Chelsea College University of Fondon. In 1978, Dr. Benga was
appointed to head the newly formed Department of Cell Biology at the Medical and Phar­
maceutical Institute. He is currently teaching cell biology to medical students.
In addition to his other duties, Dr. Benga has spent several 1- to 3-month periods as a
Visiting Scientist at many British and American universities and in 1983 was a Visiting
Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Dr. Benga has attended several international courses on biomembranes and has presented
numerous papers at international and national meetings, as well as guest lectures at various
universities and institutes in Romania, England, the U.S., the Netherlands, and Switzerland.
He has taken an active part in the organization of three international workshops on biological
membranes (1980, Cluj-Napoca — Romanian-British; 1981, Cluj-Napoca — Romanian-
American; 1982, New York City — American-Romanian) and has published over 80 papers
to date.
Dr. Benga is the author of several text books of cell biology for medical students and of
the book, Biologia molecularä a membranelor cu aplicapi medicale, published by Editura
Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1979. He is the co-author of Metode biochimice in laboratorul clinic,
Editura Dacia, 1976; co-editor of Biomembranes and Cell Function, New York Academy
of Sciences, 1983; and co-editor of Membrane Processes: Molecular Biology and Medical
Applications, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984.
His major interests in the field of biological membranes include the characterization of
molecular composition and functional properties of human liver subcellular membranes, the
molecular interactions (lipid-protein, lipid-sterol, and drug effects) in model and natural
biomembranes, and the investigation of water diffusion through red blood cell membranes.
Dr. Benga is President of the Cluj-Napoca Section of the Romanian National Society of
Cell Biology and Vice-President of this Society. He is on the board of the Subcommission
of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy and is on the editorial board of Clujul Medical.
CONTRIBUTORS
Angelo Azzi Josef Houstëk
Medizinisch-Chemisches Institut Institute of Physiology
Universität Bern Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Bern, Switzerland Prague, Czechoslovakia
Kurt Bill
Jan Kopecky
Medizinisch-Chemisches Institut
Institute of Physiology
Universität Bern
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Bern, Switzerland
Prague, Czechoslovakia
Marc R. Block
Laboratoire de Biochimie Arnost Kotyk
Departement de Recherche Fondamentale Institute of Physiology
Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Grenoble, France Prague, Czechoslovakia
Reinhard Bolli
Guy J.-M. Lauquin
Medizinisch-Chemisches Institut
Laboratoire de Biochimie
Universität Bern
Departement de Recherche Fondamentale
Bern, Switzerland
Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires
Grenoble, France
François Boulay
Laboratoire de Biochimie
Departement de Recherche Fondamentale Ronald N. McElhaney
Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires Professor
Grenoble, France Deparment of Biochemistry
University of Alberta
Gérard Brandolin Edmonton, Alberta
Laboratoire de Biochimie Canada
Departement de Recherche Fondamentale
Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires
Grenoble, France D. James Morré
Professor
Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and
Robert P. Casey
Medizinisch-Chemisches Institut Biological Sciences, and Purdue Cancer
Center
Universität Bern
Purdue University
Bern, Switzerland
West Lafayette, Indiana
Zdenëk Drahota
Director
Katarzyma A. Nafçcz
Institue of Physiology
Medizinisch-Chemisches Institut
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Universität Bern
Prague, Czechoslovakia
Bern, Switzerland
Ross P. Holmes
Senior Food Scientist Maciej J. Nalçcz
Burnsides Research Laboratory Department of Cellular Biochemistry
University of Illinois Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology
Urbana, Illinois Warsaw, Poland
Paul O’Shea Pierre V. Vignais
Medizinisch-Chemisches Institut Laboratoire de Biochimie
Universität Bern Departement de Recherche Fondamentale
Bern, Switzerland Centre d’Etudes Nucléaires
Grenoble, France
Lech Wojtczak
Department of Cellular Biochemistry
Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology
Warsaw, Poland
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF CELL MEMBRANES
Gheorghe Benga
Volume I
The Evolution of Membrane Models
Protein-Protein Interactions in Cell Membranes
Lateral Mobility of Proteins in Membranes
Lateral Diffusion of Lipids
Topological Asymmetry and Flip-Flop of Phospholipids in Biological Membranes
Membrane Fluidity: Molecular Basis and Physiological Significance
Lipid Dependence of Membrane Enzymes
Protein-Lipid Interactions in Biological Membranes
Basement Membrane Structure, Function, and Alteration in Disease
Volume II
Basic Kinetics of Membrane Transport
pH Effects on Membrane Transport
The Effect of Membrane Lipids on Permeability and Transport in Prokaryotes
The Influence of Membrane Lipids on the Permeability of Membranes to Ca2 +
Molecular Aspects of Structure-Function Relationship in Mitochondrial H + -ATPase
Molecular Aspects of the Structure-Function Relationship in Cytochrome c Oxidase
Molecular Aspects of the Structure-Function Relationships in Mitochondrial Adenine
Nucleotide Carrier
Exocytosis, Endocytosis, and Recycling of Membranes
The Surface Potential of Membranes: Its Effect on Membrane-Bound Enzymes and
Transport Processes
Volume III
Quantum Chemical Approach to Study the Mechanisms of Proton Translocation Across
Membranes Through Protein Molecules
Monomolecular Films as Biomembrane Models
Planar Lipid Bilayers in Relation to Biomembranes
Relation of Liposomes to Cell Membranes
Reconstitution of Membrane Transport Systems
Structure-Function Relationships in Cell Membranes as Revealed by X-Ray Techniques
Structure-Function Relationships in Cell Membranes as Revealed by Spin Labeling EPR
Structure and Dynamics of Cell Membranes as revealed by NMR Techniques
The Effect of Dietary Lipids on the Composition and Properties of Biological Membranes
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume II
Chapter 1
Basic Kinetics of Membrane Transport......................................................................................... 1
Arnost Kotyk
Chapter 2
pH Effects on Membrane Transport..............................................................................................11
Arnost Kotyk
Chapter 3
The Effect of Membrane Lipids on Permeability and Transport in Prokaryotes.....................19
Ronald N. McElhaney
Chapter 4
The Influence of Membrane Lipids on the Permeability of Membranes to Ca2+ .................53
Ross P. Holmes
Chapter 5
Molecular Aspects of Structure-Function Relationship in Mitochondrial H +-ATPase 77
Jan Kopeckÿ, Josef Housték, and Zdenëk Drahota
Chapter 6
Molecular Aspects of the Structure-Function Relationship in Cytochrome c Oxidase... 105
Angelo Azzi, Kurt Bill, Reinhard Bolli, Robert P. Casey, Katarzyma A. Nalçcz, and
Paul O’Shea
Chapter 7
Molecular Aspects of Structure-Function Relationships in Mitochondrial
Adenine Nucleotide Carrier..........................................................................................................139
Pierre V. Vignais, Marc R. Block, François Boulay, Gérard Brandolin, and Gùy J.-
M. Lauquin
Chapter 8
Exocytosis, Endocytosis, and Recycling of Membranes.........................................................181
D. James Morré
Chapter 9
The Surface Potential of Membranes: Its Effect on Membrane-Bound
Enzymes andTransport Processes.................................................................................................215
Lech Wojtczak and Maciej J. Nalçcz
Index 243
Volume II 1
Chapter 1
BASIC KINETICS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Arnost Kotyk
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Introduction................................................................................................................................2
II. Nonspecific Permeation..........................................................................................................2
III. Specific Transport ...................................................................................................................3
A. Specific Channels or Pores.....................................................................................3
B. Specific Carriers.........................................................................................................4
References..............................................................................................................................................9