Structural Health Monitoring: Research and Applications Edited by W.K. Chiu S.C. Galea Structural Health Monitoring: Research and Applications Peer reviewed papers from the 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, December 5-7, 2012, Melbourne, Australia Edited by W.K. Chiu and S.C. Galea Copyright 2013 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Trans Tech Publications Ltd Kreuzstrasse 10 CH-8635 Durnten-Zurich Switzerland http://www.ttp.net Volume 558 of Key Engineering Materials ISSN print 1013-9826 ISSN cd 1662-9809 ISSN web 1662-9795 Full text available online at http://www.scientific.net Distributed worldwide by and in the Americas by Trans Tech Publications Ltd Trans Tech Publications Inc. Kreuzstrasse 10 PO Box 699, May Street CH-8635 Durnten-Zurich Enfield, NH 03748 Switzerland USA Phone: +1 (603) 632-7377 Fax: +41 (44) 922 10 33 Fax: +1 (603) 632-5611 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Preface This volume of Key Engineering Materials comprises of peer reviewed papers presented at the 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring held on 5th – 7th December 2012 at the RACV Club, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. These papers were assessed on the basis of technical originality and significance in relation to both research into and applications of structural health monitoring SHM technologies. With increasing worldwide emphasis on asset sustainability, there is a trend toward Condition- Based Maintenance (CBM) approaches, and the broader approach of Reliability-Centred Maintenance (RCM). These approaches require the knowledge of the structural condition through diagnostic systems which detect and monitor damage or health of the structure and/or prognostic systems which predict the future health of the structure. Therefore, SHM provides a critical capability for these approaches and involves the rapid interrogation of the structure, generally using structurally integrated transducers, to diagnose the current state of its health. Structural Health Monitoring is multi-disciplinary. For it to be successfully developed and implemented, in a reasonable and practical timeframe, requires constructive interaction between a diverse spectrum of academics, researchers and, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and end-users, such as civilian and military operators. The academics and researchers are necessary to develop and demonstrate the SHM technology and systems, whilst establishing detection system sensitivity, reliability and confidence levels. The task of the OEMs and end-users is to define the problem, establish the requirements and the practical limitations, and to assist in developing the business case for such technologies. These interactions will enable the ‘technology pull’ required to facilitate rapid implementation of the technologies rather then relying on the more problematic ‘technology push’. The 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring endeavours to bring together academics and researchers, and end-users from Europe, Asia, North and South America, and Australia to facilitate this interaction. We wish to thank our sponsors for their contribution to the success of the 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring. They are; the Defence Science & Technology Organisation (Australia), the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University (Australia), US Navy Office of Naval Research – Global (ONR-Global), USAF Asian Office for Aerospace Research & Development (USAF, AOARD), Embraer (Brazil), Polytec and Warsash Scientific, and the Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures (CRCACS). We are very grateful to our keynote speakers (Dr Lance Richards, Prof Peter Poole & Mr Luis Gustavo dos Santos) for their support and help. We wish to express our gratitude to the reviewers, contributors and participants, without whom the 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring would not have been possible. Dr Steve Galea Professor Wingkong Chiu Professor Akira Mita Co-Chairman Co-Chairman Co-Chairman Air Vehicles Division Department of Mechanical & Structural Health Monitoring & Defence Science & Technology Aerospace Engineering Control Laboratory Organisation Monash University Department of System Design Victoria, Australia Clayton, Victoria, Engineering Australia Keio University Yokohama, Japan Committees Workshop Chairmen W.K. Chiu (Monash University, Australia) S.C. Galea (DSTO, Australia) A. Mita (Keio University, Japan) Local Organising Committee C. Davies (DSTO, Australia) J. Kodikara (Monash University, Australia) S. Moss (DSTO, Australia) N. Rajic (DSTO, Australia) C. Rosalie (DSTO, Australia) M. Veidt (University of Queensland, Australia) International Organising Committee D. Adams (Purdue University, USA) P. Banerji (Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India) C. Boller (Fraunhofer Institut für zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren (IZFP), Germany) F.K. Chang (Stanford University, USA) M. Derriso (USAF, AFRL, USA) C. Farrar (Los Alamos Dynamics, USA) M. Friswell (Swansea University, UK) C.P. Fritzen (University of Siegen, Germany) V. Giurgiutiu (University of South Carolina, USA) A. Guemes (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain) J. Huang (Boeing Research & Technology, USA) K.H. Leong (Petronas Research & Scientific Services, Malaysia) H. Li (Harbin Institute of Technology, People’s Republic of China) C.G. Koh (National University of Singapore, Singapore) A. Mal (University of California, Los Angeles, USA) N. Takeda (University of Tokyo, Japan) W. Ostachowicz (Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland) B. Prosser (NASA Langley Research Center, USA) L. Richards (NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, USA) H. Sohn (KAIST, Korea) H. Speckmann (Airbus Operations GmbH, Germany) D. Stargel (USAF, AFOSR, USA) Z. Su (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong) M. Todd (University of California, San Diego, USA) F.G. Yuan (North Carolina State University, USA) Event Sponsored by Office of Naval Research – Global, United States of America Asian Office of Aerospace Research & Development – United States Air Force Embraer – Brazil Defence Science and Technology Organisation – Australia Monash University – Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Composite Structures – Australia Table of Contents Preface, Committees and Sponsors A One Stage Damage Detection Technique Using Spectral Density Analysis and Parallel Genetic Algorithms M. Varmazyar, N. Haritos, M. Kirley and T. Peterson 1 Application of Wavelet Parameters for Impact Damage Detection in Plates T.J. Shelley and C.K. Liew 12 Damage Identification and Assessment in Tapered Sandwich Structures Using Guided Waves S. Mustapha and L. Ye 25 A Framework for Reliability Assessment of an In-Service Bridge Using Structural Health Monitoring Data X.H. Chen and P. Omenzetter 39 Modeling of Environmental Effects for Vibration-Based SHM Using Recursive Stochastic Subspace Identification Analysis C.H. Loh and M.C. Chen 52 Modal Acoustic Emission Investigation for Progressive Failure Monitoring in Thin Composite Plates under Tensile Test M.H. Zohari, J.A. Epaarachchi and K.T. Lau 65 Laser Lock-In Thermography for Fatigue Crack Detection Y.K. An, J.M. Kim and H. Sohn 76 In Situ Blade Deflection Monitoring of a Wind Turbine Using a Wireless Laser Displacement Sensor Device within the Tower P. Giri and J.R. Lee 84 Guided Wavefield Images Filtering for Damage Localization W. Ostachowicz, P. Kudela and M. Radzienski 92 Strain as Damage Indicator for Truss and Frame Structures S. Opoka, L. Murawski, T. Wandowski, P. Malinowski and W. Ostachowicz 99 Guided Waves for Aircraft Panel Monitoring P. Malinowski, T. Wandowski and W. Ostachowicz 107 Time-Domain Hybrid Global-Local Prediction of Guided Waves Interaction with Damage M. Gresil and V. Giurgiutiu 116 A Robust Procedure for Damage Detection from Strain Measurements Based on Principal Component Analysis A. Guemes, J. Sierra-Pérez, J. Rodellar and L. Mujica 128 Prediction and Measurement of Lamb Wave from Debondings at Structural Features in Composite Laminates C.T. Ng and M. Veidt 139 Substructure Damage Detection Method for Shear Structure Using Sub-Time Series and ARMAX L. Mei, A. Mita and Z.H. Xing 149 Structural Design and Verification of Composite Pressure Vessels for Submarine External Stowage D.J. Miller 160 Verification of Structural Health Assessment Method Using Full-Scale Collapse Test of Four-Story Steel Building Y. Shinagawa and A. Mita 174 Damage Characterisation of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composite Plate Using Acoustic Emission B.Y. Mohammed, C.K. Tan, S.J. Wilcox and A.Z.S. Chong 184 Nonlinear Properties of Lamb Waves under Modulation of Fatigue Damage: Finite Element Simulation with Experimental Validation M. Hong, C. Zhou, Z.Q. Su, L. Cheng and X.L. Qing 195 Single Transducer Pair Lamb Wave Time Reversal for Damage Detection in Composite Laminates B. Normandin and M. Veidt 205 b Structural Health Monitoring: Research and Applications Development of the Damage Detection Method for CFRP Structures Using Distributed BOCDA Optical Fiber Sensor N. Saito, T. Yari, K. Nagai and K. Enomoto 218 Dynamic Displacement Estimation from Acceleration Measurements Using a Wireless Smart Sensor J.W. Park, S.H. Sim, H.J. Jung and B.F. Spencer 227 Optimal Structural Health Monitoring Feature Selection via Minimized Performance Uncertainty Z. Mao and M.D. Todd 235 Imaging Damage Using Mixed Passive and Active Sensors C.H. Wang and L.R. Francis Rose 244 Distributed Strain Monitoring for Damage Evolution in CFRP Bolted Structures with Embedded Optical Fibers N. Takeda, S. Minakuchi and T. Nadabe 252 Lamb Wave Based Monitoring of Fatigue Crack Growth Using Principal Component Analysis Y. Lu, M.Y. Lu, L. Ye, D. Wang, L.M. Zhou and Z.Q. Su 260 Structural Health Monitoring of Space Vehicle Thermal Protection Systems N. Hoschke, D.C. Price, D.A. Scott and W.L. Richards 268 Active Evacuation Guidance and Structural Health Monitoring System for Buildings Using Sensor Agent Robots A. Mita and D. Ise 281 Sensor Agent Robot with Servo-Accelerometer for Structural Health Monitoring T. Akiba, N. Lee and A. Mita 289 Damage Assessment Methodology for Nonstructural Components with Inspection Robot Y. Nitta, A. Nishitani, A. Iwasaki, M. Watakabe, S. Inai and I. Ohdomari 297 Flight Tests Performed by EMBRAER with SHM Systems R. Pinheiro Rulli, F. Dotta and P.A. da Silva 305 Scattering Matrix Approach to Informing Damage Monitoring and Prognosis in Composite Bolted Connections C. Haynes, T. Nadabe, N. Takeda and M.D. Todd 314 EMBRAER Perspective on the Challenges for the Introduction of Scheduled SHM (S-SHM) Applications into Commercial Aviation Maintenance Programs L.G. dos Santos 323 Locating Point of Impact on an Anisotropic Cylindrical Surface Using Acoustic Beamforming Technique H. Nakatani, T. Hajzargarbashi, K. Ito, T. Kundu and N. Takeda 331 Analysis of Vibro-Acoustic Modulations in Nonlinear Acoustics Used for Impact Damage Detection - Numerical and Experimental Study Ł. Pieczonka, A. Klepka, W.J. Staszewski, T. Uhl and F. Aymerich 341 Investigation of the Effectiveness of Different Thermographic Testing Modalities in Damage Detection Ł. Pieczonka, M. Szwedo and T. Uhl 349 Recent Progress in Intelligent Vehicle Health Monitoring I.S. Cole, P. Corrigan, W.D. Ganther and S.C. Galea 357 Structural Health Monitoring of Research-Scale Wind Turbine Blades S.G. Taylor, K.M. Farinholt, G.H. Park, C.R. Farrar, M.D. Todd and J.R. Lee 364 An Enhanced Experimental Facility for Durability and Performance Characterisation of Piezoelectric Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring G. Jung, S. van der Velden, K. Tsoi and N. Rajic 374 Experimental Testing of Vibration Analysis Methods to Monitor Recovery of Stiffness of a Fixated Synthetic Pelvis: A Preliminary Study L.C.Y. Wong, W.K. Chiu, M. Russ and S. Liew 386 Understanding of the Scattering of Incident Stress Waves by Defects on the Blind Side of Fuel Vent Hole C. Doherty and W.K. Chiu 400 Designing for Lamb Wave Based In Situ Structural Health Monitoring W.H. Ong and W.K. Chiu 411 Key Engineering Materials Vol. 558 c Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors and their Applications in Pipeline Monitoring P. Rajeev, J. Kodikara, W.K. Chiu and T. Kuen 424 Novel Transducer for Characterization of Low-Impedance Materials R. Dugnani 435 Acoustic Emission for Tank Bottom Monitoring G. Martin 445 Dynamically Reconfigurable Multivariable MEMS Sensor Array for Unattended Systems S. van der Velden, I. Powlesland, S.C. Galea and J. Singh 456 Multiphysics Modelling and Experimental Validation of a Bi-Axial Magnetoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester J.E. McLeod and S.D. Moss 465 Optimal Coil Transducer Geometry for an Electromagnetic Nonlinear Vibration Energy Harvester L.A. Vandewater, S.D. Moss and S.C. Galea 477 Interaction of High Frequency Lamb Waves with Surface-Mount Sensor Adhesives P. Norman, C. Davis, C. Rosalie and N. Rajic 489 Thermoelastic Stress Analysis - Emerging Opportunities in Structural Health Monitoring N. Rajic, S.C. Galea and D. Rowlands 501 Strain Measurements Using Fibre Bragg Gratings during Full-Scale Structural Testing of an F/A-18 Centre Barrel T. Schembri, S. Tejedor and C. Davis 510 Optical Fibres for Distributed Corrosion Sensing - Architecture and Characterisation R. Kostecki, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, S.C. Warren-Smith, G. McAdam, C. Davis and T.M. Monro 522 Development and Validation Roadmap for In Situ Structural Health Monitoring of ADF Aircraft S.C. Galea and N. Rajic 534 Prediction of Obsolete FBG Sensor Using ANN for Efficient and Robust Operation of SHM Systems G.C. Kahandawa, J.A. Epaarachchi, H. Wang and K.T. Lau 546 Structural Seismic Damage Detection Using Fractal Dimension of Time-Frequency Feature D.W. Tao, D.Y. Zhang and H. Li 554 Applications of Compressive Sensing Technique in Structural Health Monitoring Y.Q. Bao, H. Li and J.P. Ou 561