Structural and cultural construction of race in the handline fishing industry on South Africa's western Cape coast

310 Pages·2001·8.8 MB·English

by  Gates, James F.

THESTRUICSNTOTUUHRTEAHLHAAAFNRNDIDCLAIC'NUSELWTFEUISSRHTAIELNRGCNOICNNASDPTUERSUTCCROYTAISOOTNNOFRACE
By
JAMESF.GATES
OAFDTIHSESEUORNFTITAVHTEEIROSRNIETPQYRUOEIFSREEFNMLTOEERNDITDTFAOOITRNHTPEHAEGRTRDIAEADGLURFAEUTELEOFFSILCLHMOEONLT
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2001
ForHeather—1wishshewereheretosharethiswithus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ihavemanytothankandnonetoblamebutmyselfforthepagesthatfollow.This
dissertationwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouttheassistanceandsupportofmanygreat
people.FirstandforemostIamdeeplyindebtedtothefishersinthisstudyfortheirtrust,their
patienceandtheirtime.1canonlypraythatIhavedonetheirstoriesjustice.Theirindulgence
wasrivaledonlybytheirhospitality.SpecialthanksgotoJonathanandGerryfortheir
willingnesstotiemeintothenetworkofhandlineski-boatskippersandthelonghoursof
incessantquestioningtheyendured.MygratitudealsogoesouttoAndyJohnstoneforhisdepth
andbreadthofknowledgeandexperienceamongartisanalfishers.1havethehistorianDr.Lance
vanSittert,thenattheUniversityofCapeTown,tothankforinspirationearlyinmyfieldwork.I
alsohaveDr.MarcGriffithsandtheresearchersatMarineandCoastalManagementtothankfor
supportingdataandtheiruniqueperspectiveonthefishingindustryasawhole.Specialthanksto
Dr.JohnSharp,thenchairofanthropologyattheUniversityofStellenbosch,forproviding
supportandanexcitingacademiccommunity.
IowethegreatestdebtforanysuccessImayhaveinthewritingofthisdissertationto
Michelle,mywife.Iamhumbledbyherlove,supportandcarefulattentiontodetail.Editor,
loverandfriend,sheclearedmyoftenfuzzythoughts,createdspaceinourlifeformetowrite
andputbreadonthetableformostofmygraduatecareer.1couldnothavedonethiswithoutmy
parents.ChuckandJudyGates;theyhavebeenwaitingalongtimeformetofinallygetmyfirst
"real"job.
Iowemydeepestpersonalandprofessionalgratitudetomyadvisor,professorBrianM.
duToit.Heprovidedanunequalleddepthofexperienceasananthropologistand.asaSouth
iii
African,addedsignificantpersonalknowledgetomysubject.Hetookfarmorethana
professionalinterestinmywork,nudgingcarefullywhenIstrayeddownfruitlesspathsand
pushingevenharderwhenneeded.Eventhoughheneverdidletmebeathimonthetenniscourt,
hewentfarabovethecallofdutyandtookastrongpersonalinterestinmeandmyfamily.My
heartfeltthanksgoouttotheothermembersofmydoctoralcommittee—professorsR.Hunt
Davis,AnthonyOliver-SmithandSuzannaSmith—fortheirpatienceandwisdominguidingmy
interestsandmywriting.MygratitudealsobelongstoprofessorsChristopherMcCartyandH.
RusselBernardwithoutwhommuchofthenetworkanalysiswouldnothavebeenpossible.
ProfessorCharlesR.GaileyatNazareneTheologicalSeminarydeservesmyheartfeltthanksfor
gettingmeinterestedinanthropologyandforhisloveandsupportalongtheway.
IamdeeplyindebtedtothePewCharitableTrustandthePewYoungerScholar's
Fellowshipcommitteefortheirfinancialandmoralsupportfortheresearchthatledtothis
dissertation.MygratitudealsogoesouttotheUniversityofFlorida'sDepartmentof
Anthropologyfortheirsupport.
Finally,IthankCharisaandAnthony,mychildren,fortheirpatiencewithmeduringmy
yearsofresearchandwriting;Ipraythatwhathasbeenwrittenherewillonedayhelpthemto
understandtheirworldbetterandinspirethemtomakeitabetterplacetolive.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS '"
LISTOFTABLES vl"
LISTOFFIGURES lx
ABSTRACT x
CHAPTERS
1 INTRODUCTION '
ReflexiveReflections:ADayintheLifeofanAnthropologist 1
SummaryofChapters
2 THEORETICALEXPLORATIONS H
RTahceeAanntdhACronEomttpphheorntlioicopitgotiylyvooeagfsyVFeTaiornsoshdluisstnhgfPeoartCeoCrnonsnatlsritusrtcuitccitoiRnnagcofethRReaeOclatethiaeonrndsEthnicity 2-|1244
EMacrointoimmiecAAnntthhrroopoploolgoyg:yAandReIvtsieApwploifcRaetcieonnttoLiFtiesrhaitnurge ^3'3
Notes
3 RAENSTEHARROCPHOLMOEGTYHOADNODLOTGHYE:STUDYOFDIFFERENCE 41
UnderstandingtheEthnographic"Other"
AMethodologicalJourney
PreparingfortheTrip
NVFAraeuvhCiiiatcgfslaueeltifPInoangrtshpRBeseecltatanwitodienveRenoOcSbckjyeylcltRaiovaaindtdysCharybdis 45"/i
RoadSigns
SteeringClear
AnalyzingRaceviaSocialNetworks °
CRoenssetarrucchtiSntgatReamceentandEthnicity "6"'3
DataColIRIlnenetsfceeotrirapomrrnacetnhitnQgSueeSlsoetcciitoailnosnStarnudctHuyrpeotheses 777025
NameGenerators
Notes NThaemeStrInutcetruprreedteIrnsterview 78'3°*
TCHOELO"USOR-ECDALILDEEDN"TIPTEYOPILNET:HENEWSOUTHAFRICA 84
IdentityintheContextofOppression •*
Stereotypes
R,OPL-o.raalinciggetiuinMcasiigzexa,itinRognacoefIadnedntPiotlyitics:AfrikaansandtheColouredsofSouthAfrica "1»50*1"
CNoontcelsusion ""
RACE,CLASS,GENDERANDSOUTHAFRICANFISHERS 107
ITmhaegeC-oinnsTRHTPGGPitarhaheeenrocnreenngutedcddce,CeClMteesupliyitCrrltanoitltisennRaauhosgensrnFolsadaosRifalnfisattoGgdhtIhinfheheeomdtRnGenrasaPdesSm,gCacenoeeotieCrudnnltotoeeoniFChfrrunsionrttsAniiS-hfrhnsnoBeriutgutlincr'thiocgtueChnafica'dntSASspgkfoFetircFihIiipisCdecapseholan"ehel'tirTroNisnrtueFguyHrrt:eaaeIwtnndoWFeddrirhulFnkssiioishtnstreehyiyresmFrtiamhsnaeh"niT'nrgueInFdiusshterry? 1'111,11111"00213331337736750S79
THEHISTORICALANDSOCIO-ECONOMICCONTEXT
FORHANDLINEFISHING 146
ASnapshotofSouthAfrica'sFishingIndustry 1^
IPDnrutitorcrohdtuoScet1ti6to5ln2ement '"^
NAotHeisstorBTPRiroehoiscegtteriaEnsWpahtohrCrilDoclyeladvDoleneWlFicaoozaorpadttmenIieIsoontnatoenfsdtihtnehteThwBeeeMngatiinnenatighnegmCseenontftutrohyfeSAopuatrhthAefirdicEarnaFisheries j111[1*6788~'*005
7 COHNASSOIUNTGHAALFIRVIICNAG':SCWOEMSMTEERRCNICAALPHEACNODALSITNESKI-BOATFISHING 186
IRAMnaetcDmreiob,sdepuCerclrtPsWTaRTisesuhohoerosreerndsfaaoklMTtSnnoheeadHvebcsnlii.thssIlhHtnenSieioofutsroolHybtifroaoeumoPgrsnrafilydblealtasocihEnefenceFHRoiaoFnsniahodesmlmrhiiysennregmeFHinasnhdilnigneSki-BoatFishermen J22I1111'*0889909"*882737'2
TThheeRInefsoorumracleMarketplace 22114'
CWereekwenders l*\'\"
LMFaiasnnhgaiagnaignneAgrssstohceiLaitnieofnishers "22'4
Notes
8 TOHNETIHMEPSAOCCTIOAFLNREACTEWORKSOFHANDLINEFISHINGSKIPPERS 233
GInltorboadlucNteitownorkRepresentation 2^3'3
IGCnlltoirqbouadeluscNteitownorkProperties 224^19
RaceandNetthweoSrtkruCcetnutrreaoliftEygoNetworks f~4^7
9 CONCLUSION 253
BImrpolaidceartiSotnrseafomrsMoafrIinnfeluaenndceCoastalManagement 2*-5~53*6
GLOSSARY 263
APPENDIXA INTERVIEWSCHEDULEFORSKIPPERS 265
APPENDIXB NAMETABLE 275
APPENDIXC RESEARCHASSISTANTJOBDESCRIPTIONANDCONTRACT 276
APPENDIXD INFORMEDCONSENT 277
APPENDIXE MARINELIFEMENTIONEDINTHISSTUDY 278
REFERENCESCITED 7L7,9y
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 296
vii
LISTOFTABLES
Table
1. PopulationGroupbyProvince(Percentages) 10°
2. PercentageofSouthAfricanNationalLanguagesSpokenbyProvince 102
3. SkippersandtheirAlters:PercentageofAltersbyGender 138
4. SkippersandtheirAlters:PercentageofKinRelationsbyGender 138
5. NominalCommercialCatches(TonsNominalMass)byFisheryandSpecies 148
6. NominalCommercialCatches(RoundedMass)andWholesaleValues 149
7. SouthAfrica'sImportsandExportsofFishin1998 15°
8. QuotaDistributioninSomeKeyFisheriesinSouthAfricain1996 .186
9. ChiSquareDistributionforPreviousJobsbyRace '93
1101..SRkeispipdeern'cseRoafcSekia-nbdoattheSJkoibpspetrhseyInHteelrdviBeewfeodreEnteringtheFishingIndustry 1'9"5
12.ClassificationofFishingCompaniesbytheSouthAfricanGovernment 203
13.ChiSquareofSkipper'sBoatOwnershipbyRace 206
14.ElectronicTechnologyOn-BoardCommercialSki-Boats 209
15.SampleMatrixRepresentingSkipperxSkipperNetwork 238
16.Single-LinkHierarchicalClustering
17.SkipperswiththeHighestDegreeCentrality 244
18.SkipperswiththeHighestBetweennessCentrality 245
19.SkippersClosenessCentrality
20.PercentageofSame-RaceTiesinSkipper'sSocialNetworks 250
21.AverageClosenessofTiesinSkipper'sSocialNetworks 251
viii
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure
1. HandlineFishermanPullingSnoekintotheSki-Boat 38
2. HandlineFisherBringingaSnoekintotheBoat 67
3. PopulationGroupbyProvince(Millions) 10°
4. ASomersetWestFisherman 108
5. HandlineSki-BoatCrewontheirWaytotheFishingGrounds 119
6. ProtestersMarchonParliamentforLocalFishers'Rights 131
7. ADiverseCrowdMarchesinSolidaritywithLocalFishers 133
8. TheSouthernAfricanSnoekThyrsitesatun 155
9. TheSnoekSeller 156
10.FishingVesselsinOperationintheCapebetween1880and1990 159
11.GantriesfortheFishersofKalkBay,1905 165
12.PurseSeining 171
13.TheTraditional"Chakkie"UsedforHandlineFishing 177
14.EducationLevelsbyPopulationGroup(Percentage) '88
15.TownsofResidenceforSkippersintheHandlineSki-BoatFraternity 198
16.FishingVesselsOperatingintheWesternCape 204
17.AFisherman'sHand,Protectedbya"Vingerlappie,"Castinga"Lood" 210
18.PrimaryHabitatforSnoekThyrsitesatun 212
19.HistoricalLandingsofLinefishSpecies 213
20.HawkersBiddingonSnoekatHoutBay 219
21.CommercialHandlineSki-BoatFishersReturningfromaDayatSea 235
22.SociogramforSampleSkipperxSkipperNetwork 238
23.Multi-DimensionalScalingScatterplotofProximityofSkippersinNetwork 239
24.AGraphandItsCliques 241
AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool
oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy
THEHANTDHLEINSETRFUICSHTIUNRGAILNADNUSDTCRUYLOTNURSAOLUTCHONASFTRIRCUAC'TSIWOENSOTFERRANCCEAIPNECOAST
By
JamesF.Gates
May2001
Chair:ProfessorBrianM.duToit
MajorDepartment:Anthropology
Theprimaryaimofthisdissertationistodescribehowracerelationsaresocially
constructedandhistoricallysituatedthroughananalysisoftherelationshipsbetweencoloured
andwhitefishersinSouthAfrica'shandlinefishingindustry. In-depthinterviewswith102
handlineski-boatskippersontheWesternCapecoastserveasthecoredataforthisanalysis.My
primaryaimwasachievedbyinterpretingtheimagesskippersusetodescribethemselvesand
others,andanalyzingoftheskippers'perceivedsocialnetworks.Thisdissertationmovesbeyond
commonpoliticalandmacro-economicanalysesofracerelationstoin-depthexplorationofthe
waysindividualsstructuresocialrelationsbyraceinahistoricallyspecificcontext.Ishowhow
fishingisembeddedinahostofsocialandinformaleconomicrelations.Socioeconomicrelations
offtheboatdirectlyimpactsocialrelationsontheboat.
"Race"and"ethnicity"arehistoricallyspecificandsociallyconstructedcategoriesof
groupdifferentiation. "Race"and"ethnicity"arecomparedasanalyticaltoolsinthe
methodologicaltoolchestofsocialanalysts. Specificattentionispaidtotherolethat
anthropologyplayedandcontinuestoplayintheuseoftheseconceptsasanalytical