structural adjustment programmes

325 Pages·2010·4.34 MB·English

by  Kerslake, Maria Talaitupu

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MALOAFUA
STRUCTURALA DJUSTMENTP ROGRAMMES:
THE CASEO F SAMOA
MariTaa laitTuapgua loKae rslake
A ThesiSsu bmittteoMd a sseUyn iversiinFt uyl filmeonftt h e
Requireenmtfso rt hed egreoefD octoorfP hilosophy
SocioloPgryo gramme
Schooolf S ociaanld C ulturSatlu dies
ColleogfeH umanitainedsS ociSacli ences
MasseUyn iversity
AlbanCya mpus
Auckland
Translatiooftn h estiist le
Thet heissei nsit tdlM ealoawfhuiaic sahS amocaonn cwehpithc ahss e verailn gmse an
depenngod ni tchoeenx tMta.l oacfuaamn e anne wg rowatn he,wb engniinagn ,e w
dawnM.al oaifusma ad eu po ft he tyw woo rkdMesa lao nda fuMaa.l om eans
governoargn ocvee rnimnies tnf tro mauls agheo;w evietcr a anl sboeu setdog reet
peopiflnroem allyo rt oc ongraatp uelrnas.Ttoh ese e cownodra df udae scrai' basettoesf
gover'nAa.fn uclaeei artlmleya n'stg oor w'or r eefrtson ewg rwotha,c ahngaen ,e w
phaosrea n ewb engnigi.Tn hec onciesupe std obrya tiontr hses ipre ecthoee xsp ress
thefielreig sno fg ratittouwrddaes iamnpr otaenvte tnhta hta esv eantteudde,s pite
,1
perdcietdd ififculTthiefeul ssl.a yiinnSg a moiasn', Ma loaafeuaaie am eau am aua
whimceha ntsh,aa tft earhc ievwihnagot n eh awso kredh radt owarodnsec, a nn ow
celaetbiesrtf riutosra, c hievements.
Thweo rMda loaifasul aus soe idnt hvei glelo faS aoluaafsta hitega o -api-uoa rt iftolre
thHei gChhe ifT,u aulsae,dd un rgit hKea vCae ermoyn.Iit c sa lbleefdoT ruear leaic eves
hiksa va ndgu rKtiahveCa e ermoniynt hveil lagoefS aoluaMfyah tuas.b haonldbd ost h
thceh ietfilTtyula leaa n tdh pea mroautnitTt algael iontah Aen oamdasiat rCihcoots.i ng
Maloaafstu hate i ftoltreh t eh eisosin swe a oyf a kcnowleTdaggailnToguaa l as'usp port
inm yw orIkit.sa laspop roparsii itan ctdaeit neeswc hanignte hsge o vernamgeenntd a.
Thet heissai s st uodfy one oafts hpreeeo cfrtm psr,i vatwihsiartceihso unl,t ae d in
chaeno gfg overnianon ncGeeo vernment bduewtph airhctahms e nbtri ompaldiecra tions
fotrh per esGeonvte rtnIm.hte a nrsse ueldit nth cer eaotfain oenpw h aasn ee,sw t ruec tur
and ab egnnieninwg .
I Ia cknowltehdeegx eap nliaotngsi vbeynC hiFeefa giaf'uL 'eeu mui sEaolrnta hmee anionftg h Siasm oan
sayiFnega.g a'Liefuum'Euel isiasar naa u thoorni tSyua aoflavtiagl elp aroctoolasn dt hoel dessutr viving
Matiia nt hvei glel.Aa tt htei moeft his hweow raks8 4y eaorlsd .
11
ABSTRACT
Strucatjdusurtamle pnrtoa gmrmehsa vbee epnr omogtleodlb yab lyi tneronnalat i
fnianciintasilto unatssia na nswteotr h feni naclip arobloefdm esvl eopcionugn tlriei kes
SamoTah.it shi esiss a stuhdsiyt orosyft rtouahfcle at jduutrsmepnrto graimntm hees
IndepeSnatdteoenfS t a moa,f ocaunssdep se iccilafyol n caa sset uodfy opnaecr turil a
progmreat:mh ree uscttruarnipdnr gai tsviatoifot nhf eor mePru blWiocr kDse ptamrent
(PW)D.It steoce omkpsa rtehc eli ammsa dfero t hree foprrmo cbeysd se velopment
economdiesvtesl,oc pomunelasntntat nspd l naenrpso,il cinitsaa nrdeo frmm angaerwsi,t h
theex perioeftn hcoewsshe o w erievn ovledi nv arirooulsie nas p acrturilt aype of
reofr:mt hper ivatoifasG aotvieornnu mtieiynt.lt
ThePW Dw acsh osen Sbaym oGtaohnve e rntmoke incttk a-irsttis sn tuittiorneaflo rm
prograTmhmee . Departomveentrth e haydse,ufa freresfd,r m o poomra angmeent,
corrpurpatcc etsoi,ve rnsdpieanngud n acnctoefudnu dwsh iwceher a lrle veailnae nd
Auditor 'GsRee npeotrraatbl lienPd ar lmieanitn Sam1o99a4 T.ih nic sa usgerde at
emabrrsamsenttot hGeo vernwmheinchtha d t hetnor esptoont dh eascec uosnast.i
Governsmaewn trt eohfremo f PtWhDea sa m eatnosr esptoopn udb clriict oifci itssm
laocfko versaingddhi ts,c ownitttehhns ett anodfat rhddee panrttsm'eesr viinpc uebsl ic
workissnt,i tuctoitnorscniutaolrn e,p aanimdra intepnraongcmreea sm.
Thset uudsyea dc asset umdeyt hodtoolit onegryv tihepewe optlhewa etr ievn ovleidn
thper ivatoifs atthPieuo bnoWl loidrc k Dse part(mPeWnDVt)a .r ipoeuospw lheow ere,
anda rset lili,n veodli vnt hper ocoefsr seo frmiGnogv emrennitn tsitutwieornes
itneirevweTdh.e siecnu ldetdh peo iiltcnisaw hob otahd vocaatnedod p postehde
implementoaftt hireoeo nfr mtsh,ce o nsanutlwsth om angaetdh efmo r Gtohvreen ment
andit nernataigoeinneacasln, d emploayllelee vsoe flta sht fe ro mePru blWiocr ks
DeptamrenItte. x prlePodW De mlpoeysep'e rsaonnidasn lt ituetxieporniaeolnf ct ehse
peribeoofdr deu,nr gia nsdni ce rteohfreom f t haeeg ncy.
III
Desep ittphreo pagoantn hdean ebfetihtarset of rmp rograhmamvefesor t hceo untries
thiampt lemtehnettm h,se t udyr veheaasld eifdrfe efnnitd isnI.git ed ntiafniedex san meis
somiemp ortdaifnfetnr ceebse twtehecenli amsm adbey v arisotueashkd oelrasb otuhte
reofrm,as ntdh eex perioefn ctwehhsoo ws eer dei reicvntollyvi end vawraiy.oIs uhts a s
shown that difprfeeeonpptlo esi iotnihsna vdeif rfeenetx peenrcieosft hes ame
proagmrmesa,n dt hatth eeixrp eriaernseci egisnc iafnitnllfuye nbcyet dh esiorc ial
locaatnidso,pn e icacilfwlhye,t hearr "eti hneesryios dr"" outs.i"d ers
Icto nucdlebsys uggetshtsainitnc ge stthreu crteufroparrjlmoe icst elltiyock onntuiien
Samofaot rh feo sreeeafbtulueri eit,su e sfutloi deynt thioflsees sformno tsh PeW D
privatwihsiacmthiih ogtbn e a ppltioef tudu er prjoecttoms i gtaitteh eir asnodc ial
orngsiaatiiompnaaclt .
IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thitshs eiwso unlodht va eb eepno sswiitbhloetu htae s sstiaonfcm ea npye opwlheo Im
wanttoa cknowlIew doguell.die t kofr isatn fdor emoaskctn olwdegeth hei ddbeunt
ifnluentiaolfo usLruo prJpde osCruhtsir sHte.h a bse etnhs eli elnsitt einne rt wihemne s
In eedseudp paonrgdtu idatnhcreou tghhsaio cuatmd iepcr joect.
Thitsh seiwso unlodet v eanttweuih toutths eu ppaonradtc amdieacd viocveet rhy ee ars
ofm ys upervPiresosofsrCoslr u Mnayc phearnsPdor neo sfsPoarluS poloenIyw .a ntto
extetnotd h ebmo th snmicye grrea tiftoutrdh eep iart ieanncdhe ih g standoafr ds
acamdierci gformro w hiIch ha vbee fnietaestd h esitru dMeanlftoa.0 i l fea via.
The spferecinidtashl ha atv seu ppoarntodef edfr eads sisttoma eni cnse om anwya yasl l
neetdob ea kcnowdgleeTdo.B rianJ oLa ewnidss p,e ctihaalnf roka sc commtoidmnaeg
iny ouhro mdeu nrgi wmriyi tn.Yg ouhro spiatnagdle inteyr aorsaein et xya mopfwl eht a
trfureein dsmheiapn sh aavcneod nbturtiteotd h ceo mploeftt ihpoirnsjo c et.
Ia lswoou lde t loti hkaLnaka vMaascap hefrrosh oesnru ppaonrtdta pueasipgieaac lly
thper ayaenrds fhireedrns hIia pm.t u rlgyr autlte of JaonhEdns thMearl cofrolt mh eir
freindsahnicdpo rmdaesahniapdss isgwt iitnmhy trannesepbdoyspr u tnt tgai hviecalte
myd isp.To hsaanlkf royy oouug re neiyrta onskdi ndness.
Thteh ewsoiusnl odht va eb een pwoishstoiutbthpl eaet r ipcaitoifoa nlt lh opseeo pwlheo
agreteobd e i tnerviaespw aerodt ft hsitsu Tdhyee.w r eerm ankye iyf noramntwsh o
heeldpb ys hranigt hesitro rainewdsi nlgllisyp etnhtte i meg itvioefno rmatwihoinc h
hepleed nritchhwio sr Tkh.e pseeo pilcnueld eTdh:eH onuorabTluiaeel paL,u pesoliai
AionNoeo,it Sia,i lMeailleegl aeoPirm,ie M instioefrt hiedn epnedesntta otfSe am oa,
Treasoufirfcyi aClosnl,sat untasn da ll theem ployoefte hseo ldP ublWiocr ks
Deptamrewnhtop, a rticiintp hsaett ueFddaay f.e tteailil e ao uotut amUa (it hyaonfukor
takintgi mtteoh es havriee wyso)ur.
v
Ip atyr ibtuotl e a lmfyre indasn cdo algluewehso nsaem aerste o nou emrotuoms e ntion
idnivuialdlyb ustp ecmieanltt ioJo onOy e hlaenrRdsa Gee ndfaorlmtl h Ael balbnirya ry,
myp ostgartfaered inudfsrof lelowasnhtdioa p lt lhf ere inds awshsoi sptreordeo dafiinn g
thtihses Is.p i ernslaolwya nttoa cknowtlhesedp geecr ioaollfeo uprr aygerroau nptd h e
ReverNeunuudas laaa ndM alaufioSf aiosoift he APpriosatt eaCnhtuc rhf otr heir
undynigs uppaonrpdtr ayoeferfrsef dom re w heiw lornkgoi nt htihsses iA.l hla vpeal yed
ar oalnehd va ec onuttreitdobt hceo mploeftt ihwoionsr k.
Thiasc knowleidsgn eocmto emnptlw eihttoeus tp ecmieanlto ifmo ynf mailIyw .a nt to
acknowmlyem dogtehF eort uiLtaamsuoiat (ewlhepo,a ssaewdad yu nrgit hfeni aslt ages
oft htihsse is)b,r omtyah nesdrsi st efrrots h pear yearnssd u ppgoirv.te n
Specciraelgdo iettso m yh usbaannfddir ednT agaTluoaaDl oan aClhdra lKeesrl sakfeo,r
thpeo sietniucvroea gefmoetrnh tsi tsu Tdaygl.ao sas 'uppaonradtss iasntciesn peidmr y
jourannedy p haitsi elnocvaeen, d underivsset ramynu dcaihpn epgcr ia.t ed
Iw oulldie t kot hka namlycl h irelFndut,i aFlamota unaovuapoTlaeufaP hialniAdpg nes,
Shanaen d TLaeaofaDa,o naAluduk stiioan nEdl siapeYtvae,tF toet uiatnaPdue ar ise
Madoniant, h eeiforfr ttosw ortko gettohk eeret phf ema iloyp ernagst miootdhulryi ng
mya bsceens.
Lasbtun to lte aIsw to ulldiet koa cknloewdagleml y g racnhddirleIns aSaicmn aulaii,
SuifaMgaar ai,S aalneEtlas Fiael,a tuGgeaotruaggneaCd h amrinMae lYeo.u srm lies
lihgtu pm y ela infmda ke wtohraiklst l h meo rweor tih,ti nt hken owdlgteeh oantoe f
you tmaaktyeh r iosa dt hfietun u re.
Souiaaf nfda eatfalile v atae.
VI
Contents
TRANSLATIONO F THESIST ITLE II
..................................................................•....................................
ABSTRACT. ..............................................................................................................................................1. 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .....................................................................V.. .................................................. ..
TABLES X
........................................................................................................................................................
ABBREVIATIONSA ND ACRONYMS ...................................X..I. ............................................................
PART ONE ................................•.............................•..............................................................................•.1... ..
CHAPTER ONE ...........................................................................1.. .......................................................... .....
OVERVIEOWF A RGUMENT.S. .................................................................................1.. ... ................................
Introdu.c.t.i.o.n. .......................................I. ............................................................................................
ThesSitsa tem.e.n.t... ....................................................................................3.. .......................................
Termino.l.o.g.y. .........................................................................................................3.... ................ ........
StructAudrjauls tmPernotgr am(mSeAsP .s.). .............................................4.. ............ ............................
Globalis.a.t.i.o...n.. ...........................................................................................................4.. ..................
InternatiFoinnaaln cIinaslt itu(tIiFo.fn.ss.). . ...................................................5... ........ .........................
WashingCtoonns en.s.u.s. ......................................................................6... ............................ ................
Neo-libe.r.a.l.i.s.m... ...............................................................................................................7.. ......... ...
Acto.r.s. .........................................................................9. .......................................................................
Clai.m.s. ........................................................................................................1.0. ....................................
Program.m..e..s.. ................................................................................................1.2. ...............................
ThesSitsr uc.t.u..r..e.. ....................................................................................... 1....3.... ...........................
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................•..1...7..
ANATOMYO FS TRUcrURALA DJUSTMENPTO LICIE(SS APS.). .........................................1..7.. .. ..................
Ideol.o.g...y.. .............................................................................................................1..7... .....................
Composiotfit ohnGe l obEaclo no.m.y. ...................................................................2...3... ............... .......
Program.m.e...s.. .....................................................................................................................2...9... . .....
Criti.q.u...e.. ....................................................................................................................3..2.. ................
SAPs aPnodv e.r.t.y... ................................................................................................3...3.. .....................
FoodS ecuraintdSy e lRfe lia.n.c.e. ..........................................3...5.. .. ....................................................
UnsustaiRneasbolueEr xcpel oit.a.t..i....o..n.. ...............................................................3.8. ....................
GendeIrs su.e.s. ....................................................................................4..0.. ...........................................
TheG ap BetwReiecanhn dP ooCro untr.i.e.s. ..........................................................4..2.. .....................
SAPsi nt hPea ciRfiecg i.o.n. ....................................................4..7.. .......................................................
Methodo.l.o.g.y.. ..............................................................................................4...9.. ...................... ........
KeyR esearTcahs k.s. ..................................................................................5....4... . ................................
Importaonftc heCe a sSet udMye th.o.d. ...........................................................5...7... ................... .........
ResearIcshsu .e..s.. ...........................................................................................................5.9 . .................
PART TWO ..............................................................................................................................................6...3
CHAPTER THREE ...............................................................................................................................6...3..
STRUCTURAADLJ USTMENT PROGARMMES. ................................................................6..3.. ...........
INT HE PACIRFEIGCI O..N.. ................................................................................6..3. ..............................
Introdu.c...t.i..o...n... ...................................................................................................................6.3.. .....
DiversaintdIy n ternaFtiinonaanlc ial I.n.s.t.i.t.u.t.i.o.n.s... ....................................6...8... .................... ..
Timi.n.g.. ................................................................................7..6.. .........................................................
PromotoefrS sA P.s. ..............................................................................................8..1. ...........................
VII
TheF ocuosfA idE xpendi...t..u....r...e... .............................................................................................8. 7
Program.m...e...s... ............................................................................................................................8.. 9
CountDrye velopm..e...n...t....s... .......................................................................................................9..8
� Fi.j..i... .......................................................................................................................................................9...9.. ..........
## SolomoIns la.n...d..s... ..........................................................................................................................................1. 02
Kirib..a...t..i... .................................................................................................................................................1...0...5..
Tong..a.. ............................................................................................................................................................1..0...7
Vanua.t..u... ......................................................................................................................................................1..1...2
MarshaIlsll a.n..d...s.. ...................................................................................................................................1...1..6... .
Pala..u... ..............................................................................................................................................................1..1. 7
Federated oSfMt iactreosn e(sFiSaM .)... ............................................................................................................1 18
Conclu.s..i....o..n... .......................................................................................................................1..1...9
CHAPTER FOUR ...........•.....•.....................•.......•.........•.......••........••.................•.•.......•.•.....•••.........••1.•.2...1.
STRUCTURAADLJ USMTENTP ROGRAMMESI NS AMOA. ........................................................1. 21
Introdu..c..t...i...o...n.. .......................................................................................................................1 21
Popula.t...i...o...n... ............................................................................................................................1 28
EconomGirco wt...h... ......................................................................................................................1. 32
Remitta..n...c...e...s.. .........................................................................................................................1. 35
Promot..e...r...s... .............................................................................................................................1.. 38
GrowiDnogn oUrn i.t...y.. ................................................................................................................. 140
Promi.s...e...s.. ...................................................................................................................................1 42
Program..m..e...s... ...........................................................................................................................1. 47
TheL egislFartaimveew o...r...k.. ...................................................................................................1...5 4
PART THREE •.•.•.....•.........................................••................•..........•........•.................•............•......•..•...... 1• 64
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................................•1..6...4
THER EFORMP ROCESISN ACTI..O...N....:... .................................................................................1. 46
A CASES TUDYO F. ..........................................................................................................................1.. 64
THEP UBLIWCO RKSD EPARTMEN...T... ........................................................................................1 64
Introdu.c...t..i...o..n... .......................................................................................................................1. 64
Conte...x...t.. .....................................................................................................................................1. 66
TheW indosfC hang...e... ................................................................................................................1..6 8
TheP WD ReforPmr oj.e..c...t... .....................................................................................................1..7. 1
PIRAM.s.. ..........................................................................................................................................................1...7. 1
TheC onsultPartoicoen...s ..s... ......................................................................................................1...7 2
TheR eforPmr oce...s...s.. .................................................................................................................1. 76
Outcom..e...s... ...............................................................................................................................1..8. 0
TheR ealignmPernotc e.s...s...:.. ......................................................................................................1. 83
AssisttaonN ceewB usine.s...s...e..s... ............................................................................................1...8 6
Costasn dB enef...i...t..s... ................................................................................................................1..8 8
Conclu.s..i...o....n.. ......................................................................................................................1...8..9.
CHAPTER 6 ..............•..........•.........................••......•...................•...........•.....••.................•...............••1.••.9.•.1.
CONTESTVElDE WSO FT HER EFORMO FT HEP WD. ................................................................................ 191
Introdu..c..t...i...o...n.. .....................................................................................................................1..9 1
TheS ocioloofPg oyw e..r... .............................................................................................................1.. 93
Politi.c..i...a..n...s..... ..................................................................................................................................1..9...4... ....
Bureauc..r..a...t..s.... ...............................................................................................................................................1 98
Treasury Of...f..i...c..i...a..l...s.. .............................................................................................................................2 02
PublSiecr viCcoem missi...o..n... .........................................................................................................................2 05
Consult.a...n..t...s.. ...............................................................................................................................................2.. 06
TheF ormeCrE O ....................................................................................................................................2..0...9.. .......
Employe...e..s.. ..................................................................................................................................................2..1.. 2
CompanOyn e:S amoaW orkasn dE ngineerLtidn( gS WEL.).. .......................................................................2. 13
UnskilElmepdl oye...e..s... .................................................................................................................2...1...9.. ...........
CompanTyw o:T heL anda ndH ousiMnagi ntenaCnocmep an.y... ............................................................2...2..2.
VIII
Conclu.s..i....o..n.. ............................................................................................................................2.2 8
CHAPTER 7 ..........................................................................................................................................2...3. 2
PROMISESA ND REALITIE.S... .........................•.............................................................................2..3...2
Introdu.c.t.i..o....n.... .......................................................................................................................23.2.
'Powe'rI'n,t eraensd't Ssu'c c..e.s.s..'... ......................................................................................... 2..35
Beyontdh Oeb vioRuesfin:i ntgh Meo del.............. .................................................................2.3.6. ........
TheP olitofiD ciss seVnAtG S.T.... ...................................................................................................2.3 6
TheP romi.s...e...s.. ..........................................................................................................................2 .5.1
AchieviSnugs tainEacbolneo mGirco wtfho Sra mo.a.. .................................................................................... .252
EncouragPirnigv aSteec tDoerv elopm..e...n...t... ...............................................................................................2 57
ReformitnhgeP ublSiecc t..o..r... .........................................................................................................................2 60
EnhanciPnego plCeh'osi c..e..s... ......................................................................................................................... 261
ProvisoifoI nm provQeuda liotfLy i f..e... ...........................................................................................................2 72
Reali.t...i...e...s.... ..........................................................................................................................2.7.5. .
CHAPTER EIGHT. ..............................................2.8.4. .................................................................................
SUMMARYA NDL ESSONFSO RT HEF UTUR.E.... .......................................................................................2 84
Conclus.i...o...n....s.. .........................................................................................................................2.8 4
TheW ayA hea.d. ............................................................................................................................... 290
APPENDICES. ................................................2.9.8. .......................................................................................
APPENDIX. .A...:..... ............................ .................................................................................................2 99
CONFIDENTIAALGIRTEYE MEN..T... .................... ....................................................................... 299
TRANSCRIBECRO'NSF IDENTLIIATAYG REEMEN.T...... ............................................................ 300
APPENDI:X.. .B......... .......................................................................................................................... 3.01
PARTICIPACNOTN SENFTO RM. ................................................................................................3 0.1.
APPENDIC:X. ......................................................................................................................................3 02
LISOTF I NTERVIEW.E.E...S....:.. ...................................................................................................30 .2
REFERENCES. ................................................3.0.3. ......................................................................................
IX