Stream Simulation: an ecological approach to Providing Passage for aquatic organisms at road ...

646 Pages·2008·30.32 MB·English

U.S. Department Stream Simulation:
of Agriculture
an ecological approach
Forest Service
National Technology
to Providing Passage
and Development
Program
for aquatic organisms
7700—Transportation
Management
at road-Stream
0877 1801—SDTDC
Crossings
May 2008
FORESTSERVICE
EPDARTMENTOFAGRICULTEUR
Cover photo: Crooked River arch culvert on the Payette National Forest, Idaho. Installed 2006.
Stream Simulation:
an ecological
approach to Providing
Passage for aquatic
organisms at road-
Stream Crossings
by
Forest Service Stream-Simulation Working Group
National Technology and Development Program
San Dimas, CA 91773

May 2008
Information contained in this document has been developed for the guidance of employees of the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, its contractors, and cooperating Federal
and State agencies. The USDA Forest Service assumes no responsibility for the interpretation
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table of Contents
PReFACe ............................................................................................................................xvii
ACkNowleDgemeNTS ..................................................................................................................xix
INTRoDuCTIoN ...........................................................................................................................xxiii
Chapter 1—ecological Considerations for Crossing Design
1.1 eCologICAl CoNCePTS ....................................................................................................1—1
1.1.1 Habitat ..........................................................................................................................1—1
1.1.2 Aquatic Communities ....................................................................................................1—3
1.1.3 ecosystem Processes ......................................................................................................1—4
1.2 ANImAl movemeNT ..........................................................................................................1—9
1.2.1 Importance of movement for Individual Animals .........................................................1—9
1.2.2 ecological Functions of movement .............................................................................1—12
1.2.3 movement Capabilities of Aquatic and Riparian organisms . ..........................................1—13
1.2.4 Barriers to Movement Providing Some Positive Benefit .............................................1—21
1.3 PoTeNTIAl ADveRSe ImPACTS oF RoAD-STReAm ..........................................................
CRoSSINg STRuCTuReS .................................................................................................1—22
1.3.1 effects on Channel Processes and Aquatic Habitats ....................................................1—22
1.3.2 effects on Aquatic organism Passage .........................................................................1—27
1.3.3 effects on Individual Animals ......................................................................................1—31
1.3.4 Reduced Access to vital Habitats ................................................................................1—33
1.3.5 Population Fragmentation and Isolation ......................................................................1—33
1.3.6 Disruption of Processes That maintain Regional Populations ...........................................1—34
1.3.7 Time and geography ....................................................................................................1—34
1.4 AN eCoSySTemS APPRoACH .........................................................................................1—42
Chapter 2—managing roads for Connectivity
2.1 RevIew THe RoAD NeTwoRk ........................................................................................2—1
2.2 oPTImIze RoAD AND CRoSSINg loCATIoNS .............................................................2—2
2.3 INveNToRy BARRIeRS AND SeT PRIoRITIeS FoR PASSAge ReSToRATIoN ........2—4
2.4 SeT PRojeCT oBjeCTIveS AND DeSIgN To ACHIeve THem. ..........................................2—5
2.4.1 Road Approaches to the Stream Crossing ....................................................................2—11
2.5 CoNSTRuCT AND mAINTAIN THe CRoSSINg ............................................................2—12
2.6 moNIToR THe CRoSSINg ...............................................................................................2—14
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Stream Simulation
Chapter 3—introduction to Stream Simulation Chapter
3.1 wHAT STReAm SImulATIoN IS AND wHAT IT ISN’T .................................................3—1
3.2 key elemeNTS AND lImITATIoNS oF STReAm SImulATIoN.. ......................................3—3
3.3 How ComPlex DoeS IT NeeD To Be? ...........................................................................3—7
3.4 RoADmAP FoR STReAm-SImulATIoN DeSIgN ..........................................................3—8
3.4.1 Initial watershed and Reach Review ..............................................................................3—9
3.4.2 Site Assessment .............................................................................................................3—10
3.4.3 Stream-simulation Design .............................................................................................3—10
3.4.4 Final Design and Contract Preparation .........................................................................3—11
3.4.5 Construction ..................................................................................................................3—11
3.4.6 maintenance and monitoring ........................................................................................3—12
Chapter 4—initial Watershed and reach review
4.1 RevIew THe RoAD CoNTexT ..........................................................................................4—1
4.2 RevIew ReSouRCe vAlueS .............................................................................................4—3
4.3 evAluATe wATeRSHeD RISk FACToRS .........................................................................4—4
4.3.1 geomorphic Hazards .....................................................................................................4—5
4.3.2 History and location of land Cover Changes and watershed events ..........................4—6
4.3.3 offsite Channel Stability .................................................................................................4—7
4.4 CoNDuCT THe INITIAl SITe ReCoNNAISSANCe .........................................................4—8
4.4.1 Construction Issues .......................................................................................................4—21
4.5 ASSeSS SITe SuITABIlITy ..............................................................................................4—21
4.6 DeFININg PRojeCT oBjeCTIveS AND INITIAl DeSIgN CoNCePT .......................4—25
4.7 DoCumeNT youR FINDINgS ..........................................................................................4—27
4.8 INITIAl RevIew exAmPle ..............................................................................................4—28
Chapter 5—Site assessment
5.1. ColleCTINg SITe DATA ....................................................................................................5—1
5.1.1. Sketch map .....................................................................................................................5—2
5.1.2. Topographic Survey ........................................................................................................5—5
5.1.3. Longitudinal Profile .......................................................................................................5—8
5.1.3.1. what and where to survey ................................................................................5—8
5.1.3.2. Length of the longitudinal profile ..................................................................5—12
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table of Contents
5.1.3.3. grade controls ................................................................................................5—13
5.1.4. Cross Sections ..............................................................................................................5—16
5.1.4.1. location and number of cross sections ..........................................................5—16
5.1.4.2. Typical cross-section measuring points .........................................................5—17
5.1.5. Channel Types and Bed mobility ..................................................................................5—23
5.1.6. Channel-bed and Bank-material Characteristics ..........................................................5—24
5.1.6.1. Sampling strategies and methods ...................................................................5—25
5.1.6.2. key features ....................................................................................................5—32
5.1.6.3. wood ...............................................................................................................5—32
5.1.6.4. Bank materials and morphology ....................................................................5—34
5.1.7. Preliminary geotechnical Investigation .......................................................................5—36
5.1.8. Road Travel-way and Construction Considerations ....................................................5—38
5.2. ANAlyzINg AND INTeRPReTINg SITe DATA .............................................................5—39
5.2.1. Interpreting Sediment Processes and mobility ............................................................5—39
5.2.2. Analyzing the Longitudinal Profile ...............................................................................5—41
5.2.2.1. Identify longitudinal profile shape ..................................................................5—47
5.2.2.2. Determining vertical adjustment potential .....................................................5—52
5.3. PRojeCT SITe RISk ASSeSSmeNT ..................................................................................5—61
5.3.1. High Flood-plain Conveyance ......................................................................................5—61
5.3.2. lateral Adjustment Potential and Alignment ................................................................5—65
5.3.3. Headcutting Potential ...................................................................................................5—66
5.3.4. Debris ........................................................................................................................5—69
5.3.5. unstable Channels .......................................................................................................5—70
5.4. DoCumeNT key DeSIgN CoNSIDeRATIoNS AND ReCommeNDATIoNS ............5—71
5.5. ReFeReNCe ReACH: THe PATTeRN FoR STReAm-SImulATIoN DeSIgN ............5—72
5.5.1. Reference Reach Data Required for Stream Simulation Design .................................5—76
Chapter 6—Stream-Simulation Design
6.1 PRojeCT AlIgNmeNT AND PRoFIle ..............................................................................6—1
6.1.1. Alignment ......................................................................................................................6—2
6.1.1.1. Risks of longer culverts ...................................................................................6—4
6.1.1.2. Channels skewed to the road ...........................................................................6—5
6.1.1.3. Culvert on a bend .............................................................................................6—7
6.1.1.4. Transitions .......................................................................................................6—9
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Stream Simulation
6.1.2. Designing the Project Longitudinal Profile ..................................................................6—11
6.1.2.1. Uniform channels with local scour and fill around an undersized culvert .....6—14
6.1.2.2. Steep channels with large key features ..........................................................6—15
6.1.2.3. Concave slope transitions ...............................................................................6—16
6.1.2.4 Convex slope transitions .................................................................................6—20
6.1.2.5 Incised channels ..............................................................................................6—21
6.1.3. Project Alignment and Profile Design: Two Examples .................................................6—27
6.2. DeSIgN oF THe STReAm-SImulATIoN CHANNel BeD ...........................................6—37
6.2.1. general Procedures for Simulated Streambed Design .................................................6—38
6.2.1.1. Bed material size and gradation in armored channels ...................................6—38
6.2.1.2. Channel cross section ....................................................................................6—42
6.2.1.3. Bank and channel margin features ..................................................................6—43
6.2.1.4. key features ...................................................................................................6—46
6.2.2. Bed Design Considerations for Specific Channel Types .............................................6—48
6.2.2.1. Dune-ripple channels ......................................................................................6—48
6.2.2.2. Pool-riffle channels .........................................................................................6—51
6.2.2.3. Plane-bed channels .........................................................................................6—54
6.2.2.4. Step-pool channels .........................................................................................6—54
6.2.2.5. Cascade channels ...........................................................................................6—56
6.2.2.6. Bedrock channels ............................................................................................6—57
6.2.2.7. Channels with cohesive bed material ............................................................6—58
6.3. CRoSSINg STRuCTuRe DImeNSIoNS AND elevATIoN ...........................................6—58
6.3.1. Culvert width ................................................................................................................6—59
6.3.2. Culvert elevation and Height .......................................................................................6—61
6.3.3. Culvert Shape and material .........................................................................................6—64
6.4. BeD-moBIlITy AND STABIlITy ANAlySIS ................................................................6—64
6.4.1. when is a Bed-mobility Analysis Necessary? .............................................................6—65
6.4.2. what Particle Sizes Are Analyzed? ..............................................................................6—66
6.4.3. what Flows Are Analyzed? .........................................................................................6—66
6.4.4. Bed mobility Analysis equations .................................................................................6—66
6.4.5. Stability Analysis for Immobile key Feature Rocks ...................................................6—68
6.5. mANAgINg RISk FACToRS ..............................................................................................6—68
6.5.1. Potential Culvert Failure Risks—Stream-simulation Culverts .....................................6—69
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table of Contents
6.5.1.1. Flood-plain constriction .................................................................................6—72
6.5.1.2. Rapid lateral channel migration ......................................................................6—76
6.5.1.3. Steepened channel .........................................................................................6—76
6.5.1.4. Downstream channel instability ....................................................................6—77
6.5.1.5. Inlet control with submerged inlet ..................................................................6—78
6.5.1.6. long culvert ...................................................................................................6—78
6.5.1.7. Initial lack of bed consolidation ....................................................................6—79
6.5.1.8. Excessive infiltration into the streambed ........................................................6—80
6.5.2. Potential Culvert Failure Risks—All Culverts ............................................................6—80
6.5.2.1. Flow exceeds culvert capacity .......................................................................6—80
6.5.2.2. Debris or sediment blockage .........................................................................6—81
6.5.2.3.Stream diversion potential ................................................................................6—82
6.6. DeSIgN DoCumeNTATIoN ..............................................................................................6—83
Chapter 7—Final Design and Contract Preparation
7.1. PHASe oveRvIew ................................................................................................................7—1
7.2. CRoSSINg STRuCTuRe SeleCTIoN ................................................................................7—5
7.2.1. Site geometry .................................................................................................................7—7
7.2.1.1. Dipping the road profile to prevent stream diversion ......................................7—8
7.2.1.2. low embankment options ...............................................................................7—8
7.2.2. Construction Considerations ........................................................................................7—10
7.2.3. Cost Considerations ......................................................................................................7—11
7.2.4. Tips for Choosing Structures ........................................................................................7—14
7.3. STRuCTuRAl DeSIgN ......................................................................................................7—14
7.3.1. The Crossing Structure ................................................................................................7—15
7.3.2. Footing Design ..............................................................................................................7—15
7.3.3. Structure Backfill .........................................................................................................7—17
7.3.4. existing Site materials ..................................................................................................7—19
7.4. HANDlINg TRAFFIC DuRINg CoNSTRuCTIoN ..........................................................7—21
7.5. DeveloPINg SPeCIFICATIoNS .......................................................................................7—22
7.5.1 Submittals .....................................................................................................................7—23
7.5.2. Supplemental Specification 251: Streambed Construction ...........................................7—23
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Stream Simulation
7.5.2.1. Description .....................................................................................................7—23
7.5.2.2. materials .........................................................................................................7—24
7.5.2.3. Construction methods .....................................................................................7—25
7.5.3. Developing SPS 705: Specifying Rock Sizes ...............................................................7—30
7.6. DeSIgNINg FoR FlooDA ND DeBRIS FAIluRe PReveNTIoN . .................................7—34
7.7. PlANNINg FoR eRoSIoN AND PolluTIoN CoNTRol ...........................................7—34
7.7.1. general erosion Control During Construction ............................................................7—35
7.7.2. Permanent erosion Control measures .........................................................................7—37
7.7.2.1. Diversion-prevention dips ..............................................................................7—38
7.8. DewATeRINg, ByPASS, AND wATeR TReATmeNT DuRINg CoNSTRuCTIoN . .......7—39
7.8.1. Bypass Dams .................................................................................................................7—41
7.8.2. Bypass Design ..............................................................................................................7—44
7.8.3. Sump Design .................................................................................................................7—45
7.8.4. Sediment Treatment methods .......................................................................................7—46
7.8.5. Backwatered Sites .........................................................................................................7—48
7.8.6. Deep Fills ......................................................................................................................7—48
7.8.7. large Streams ..............................................................................................................7—49
7.8.8. Small Streams ..............................................................................................................7—49
7.8.9. Bedrock Channels ........................................................................................................7—49
7.8.10. Field Modifications ....................................................................................................7—49
7.8.11. Pollution Control ........................................................................................................7—50
7.9. SPeCIAl CoNTRACT RequIRemeNTS ..........................................................................7—50
Chapter 8—Stream-Simulation Construction
8.1. BRIeF INTRoDuCTIoN To STReAm-SImulATIoN CoNSTRuCTIoN .......................8—2
8.1.1. Roles ..........................................................................................................................8—2
8.1.2. Communications .............................................................................................................8—3
8.1.3. Contact Administration meetings ...................................................................................8—4
8.1.3.1. Prebid tour ........................................................................................................8—4
8.1.3.2. Prework meeting ...............................................................................................8—5
8.1.3.3. Prework field meeting .......................................................................................8—5
8.1.3.4. Final inspection/post-construction meeting ......................................................8—6
8.1.4. Construction and Inspection ..........................................................................................8—6
x