Strawberry: Growth, Development and Diseases

349 Pages·2016·11.9 MB·English

by  Amjad M. Husaini

Strawberry
Growth, Development and Diseases

Strawberry
Growth, Development and Diseases
Edited by
Amjad M. Husaini and Davide Neri
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Husaini, Amjad M., editor. | Neri, Davide, editor.
Title: Strawberry : growth, development and diseases / [edited by]
Dr. Amjad M. Husaini and Davide Neri.
Description: Boston, MA : CABI, [2016] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016022767 (print) | LCCN 2016023629 (ebook) | ISBN
9781780646633 (hbk : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781780646640 (ePDF) | ISBN
9781780646657 (ePub)
Subjects: LCSH: Strawberries.
Classification: LCC SB385 .S743 2016 (print) | LCC SB385 (ebook) | DDC
634/.75--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016022767
ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 663 3
Commissioning editor: Rachael Russell
Editorial assistant: Emma McCann
Production editor: Shankari Wilford
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY, UK
Contents
About the Editors xi
Contributors xiii
Foreword xvii
F.A. Zaki
Foreword xix
N. Ahmed
Acknowledgements xxi
Abbreviations xxiii
1 Strawberries: a General Account 1
A.M. Husaini and F.A. Zaki
1.1. Origin and History of Strawberry Cultivation 1
1.2. Taxonomy and Biology 2
1.3. Area, Production and Yield 2
1.4. Health-promoting Properties 4
PArt I: GEnEtICS, BrEEDInG AnD OmICS
2 Genetic resources of the Strawberry 10
M. Gambardella and S. Sánchez
2.1. Historical Background and Botanical Classification of the Genus Fragaria 10
2.2. Evolution and Origin of the Genome 12
2.2.1. Diploid species 12
2.2.2. Tetraploid species 14
2.2.3. Hexaploid species 15
2.2.4. The genome of octoploid species 15
2.3. Breeding Programmes Involving Native Germplasm 16
2.3.1. Fragaria chiloensis 17
2.3.2. Fragaria virginiana 19
2.4. Sources of Genes of Agronomic Interest in Native Germplasm 19
2.5. Germplasm Collections 22
v
vi Contents
3 Strawberry Breeding 26
W. Faedi and G. Baruzzi
3.1. Introduction 26
3.2. Historical Breeding 26
3.3. Modern Breeding 27
3.3.1. Yield 28
3.3.2. Harvesting time and fruiting habit 28
3.3.3. Average fruit weight 30
3.3.4. Organoleptic quality of fruit 30
3.3.5. Pest and disease resistance 31
3.4. Future Breeding Programmes 31
3.5. The Main Breeding Programmes and Released Cultivars Worldwide 33
4 Chilean White Strawberry: Phenolic Profiling of its Different Parts 41
G. Schmeda-Hirschmann, E. Viveros-Valdez, R. Montenegro,
C. Quispe and M. Simirgiotis
4.1. Introduction 41
4.2. Phenolic Profile of Cultivated Chilean White Strawberry 43
4.2.1. HPLC analysis of white strawberry leaves 44
4.2.2. HPLC analysis of white strawberry flowers 44
4.2.3. HPLC analysis of white strawberry rhizomes 44
4.2.4. HPLC analysis of white strawberry fruits 46
4.3. The Plant Response under Fungal Infection 46
4.4. Future Perspectives 50
5 role of Fungal Avirulent Pathogens in the Defence response of Strawberry 53
J.C. Díaz Ricci, C.F. Grellet-Bournonville, N.R. Chalfoun, U. Tonello,
G.G. Martos, V. Hael-Conrad, M. Perato and G. Martínez Zamora
5.1. Introduction 53
5.2. Temporal Accumulation of Salicylic Acid Mediated by the Avirulent
Strain M23 of C. fragariae in Strawberry 55
5.2.1. Expression analysis of the PR-1 gene 56
5.2.2. Expression analysis of the PAL-3 gene 57
5.3. Salicylic Acid-induced Protection 57
5.4. The Systemic Acquired Resistance Response 58
5.5. Transcriptional Changes in Strawberry Leaves in Response
to A. strictum Interaction 59
5.6. Defence Elicitor Produced by A. strictum 61
5.7. Early Reactive Oxygen Species Response of Strawberry Cells
to AsES Elicitor Protein 63
5.8. Conclusions and Future Perspective 64
6 Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic transformation of Strawberry 71
A.M. Husaini and Y. Wen Xu
6.1. Introduction 71
6.2. Factors Affecting Transformation and Regeneration of Transformants 72
6.2.1. Robust in vitro regeneration protocol 72
Explant type 75
Physical factors 75
Dark period 75
Light and photoperiod 75
Chilling 76
Chemical factors 76
Plant growth regulators 76
Vitamins and salts 77
Contents vii
6.2.2. Robust transformation protocol 77
Efficient Agrobacterium strain 77
Physical factors 80
Pre-culture (pre-incubation) 80
Co-cultivation 81
Pre-selection 81
Chemical factors 81
Antibiotics 81
Acetosyringone 83
Trehalose and validamycin A 85
6.3. How to Estimate Transformation Success – Efficiency
and Percentage are not Synonymous 85
6.4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 87
PArt II: CuLtIvAtIOn SyStEmS AnD PrOPAGAtIOn
7 Plant Architecture in Different Cultivation Systems 99
F. Massetani and D. Neri
7.1. Introduction 99
7.2. Flower Induction and Environmental Control 100
7.3. Growing Cycles – Plant Plasticity for Harvest Seasons 101
7.4. Plant Manipulation in the Nursery 102
7.4.1. Thermophotoperiod 102
7.4.2. Location 103
7.4.3. Chilling 103
7.4.4. Light quality 104
7.4.5. Nutrient supply 104
7.4.6. Growing substrate 105
7.4.7. Water supply 106
7.4.8. Defoliation 106
7.4.9. Propagation 106
7.4.10. Evaluation of plant quality 107
7.5. Plant Manipulation in the Field 108
7.6. Architecture Analysis Techniques 109
7.7. Conclusion 111
8 Strawberry root Growth and Architecture in relation to
Organic residues and replanting Problems 119
D. Neri
8.1. Introduction 119
8.2. Strawberry Root Growth and Architecture 120
8.2.1. Apical dominance 120
8.2.2. Lateral root formation 122
8.2.3. Allelopathic sensitivity 124
8.2.4. An architectural model 124
8.3. The Strawberry Root During the Growth Cycle and Production 128
8.3.1. Stolon and runner relationships with the mother plant 128
8.3.2. Tray plant growth 130
8.3.3. Root–shoot interaction and plant collapse 131
8.4. Allelopathic Interactions and Replanting Problems 131
8.4.1. The ambivalent relationship of strawberry with organic residues 131
8.4.2. Strategies to overcome replanting problems 133
8.4.3. How to improve soil quality 134
8.5. Conclusions 136
viii Contents
9 Plant Propagation techniques and types of Plants 139
M. Gambardella, F. Massetani and D. Neri
9.1. Introduction 139
9.2. Plant Production Systems 140
9.2.1. Nuclear stock 140
9.2.2. Propagation stock I 141
9.2.3. Propagation stock II 141
9.2.4. Commercial nursery 142
9.3. Plant Types and Cycles 142
9.3.1. Bare-root plants 143
9.3.2. Potted plants 149
9.3.3. Cycles 152
9.4. Plant Certification Systems 153
9.5. Conclusions 155
PArt III: DISEASE AnD StrESS mAnAGEmEnt
10 Fungal Diseases of Strawberry and their Diagnosis 157
C. Garrido, V.E. González-Rodríguez, M. Carbú, A.M. Husaini and
J.M. Cantoral
10.1. Introduction 157
10.1.1. Modern strawberry, a domesticated species for production 157
10.1.2. Economic importance of world strawberry production 158
10.1.3. Pathogen incidence in strawberry production 158
10.2. The Main Fungal Pathogens of Strawberry 159
10.2.1. Botrytis cinerea 162
10.2.2. Colletotrichum spp. 162
10.2.3. Fusarium oxysporium 163
10.2.4. Phytophthora spp. 164
10.2.5. Verticillium spp. 165
10.2.6. Other genera 166
10.3. Diagnosis Methods and Field Monitoring of Strawberry Diseases 167
10.3.1. Molecular methods applied to phytopathogenic fungi 167
10.3.2. Past and present diagnosis methods 168
10.3.3. PCR alternatives applied to fungal diagnosis 169
10.3.4. Other molecular techniques used to study fungal pathogens 172
10.3.5. Web-based decision support systems 174
10.3.6. Proteomics advances in strawberry fungal pathogens 181
10.4. Conclusions 184
11 new Biocontrol Strategies for Strawberry Fungal Pathogens 196
M. Carbú, V.E. González-Rodríguez, C. Garrido, A.M. Husaini and
J.M. Cantoral
11.1. Introduction 196
11.2. Methyl Bromide and Other Fungicides 198
11.3. New Biological Control Agents 199
11.3.1. Biofumigation 200
11.3.2. Antagonistic rhizobacteria 201
11.3.3. Plant growth-promoting bacteria 202
11.3.4. Antagonistic fungi 203
11.3.5. Trichoderma spp. 205
11.3.6. Summary 207
11.4. Conclusion 208
Contents ix
12 E merging Diseases in Strawberry Crop: Charcoal rot and
Fusarium Wilt 212
B. de los Santos, M. Chamorro, J.J. Medina-Mínguez, N. Capote,
A. Aguado and F. Romero
12.1. Introduction 212
12.2. Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium Yellows) 213
12.2.1. Fusarium wilt management 218
12.3. Charcoal Rot 221
12.3.1. Charcoal rot management 228
12.4. Soil Disinfestation After the Phase-out of Methyl Bromide 230
12.4.1. Chemical alternatives 232
12.4.2. Non-chemical alternatives 234
12.5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 239
13 I nduced Systemic resistance to Fusarium Wilt and Antioxidative
Ability in mycorrhizal Strawberry Plants 251
Y. Matsubara and A.M. Husaini
13.1. Biological Control of Fusarium Wilt 251
13.2. Induced Systemic Resistance and Antioxidative Ability 252
13.3. Estimation of Induced Systemic Resistance to Fusarium
Wilt in Mycorrhizal Strawberry Plants 253
13.4. Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation on
Antioxidative Ability 255
13.4.1. SOD activity 255
13.4.2. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity 256
13.4.3. Polyphenol content 256
13.4.4. Ascorbic acid content 258
13.5. Conclusions 258
14 C hallenges of Climate Change to Strawberry Cultivation:
uncertainty and Beyond 262
A.M. Husaini and Y. Wen Xu
14.1. Climate Change and Forecasting the Impact on Strawberry 262
14.1.1. Photoperiod and vernalization 264
14.1.2. Disease and pest outbreaks 266
14.2. Major Environmental Factors of Critical Importance 267
14.2.1. Temperature rise 267
14.2.2. Temperature drop 268
14.2.3. Water scarcity/surplus 269
14.3. Engineering Strawberry with ‘Adaptive’ Advantages 270
14.3.1. Classical breeding 270
14.3.2. Advanced genetics 271
Osmotin: a multirole PR-5 protein 273
14.4. Microorganisms for Enhancing Resilience 275
14.4.1. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 275
14.4.2. Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza 276
14.4.3. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 276
14.4.4. Piriformospora indica 277
14.5. Extreme Events, Policy Response and Social Action 277
14.6. Future Perspective 278