Strategy and Policy for Trans-European Networks

229 Pages·2007·0.853 MB·English

by  Debra Johnson, Colin Turner (auth.)

Strategy and Policy for
Trans-European Networks
Debra Johnson and Colin Turner
Strategy and Policy for Trans-European Networks
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Strategy and Policy for
Trans-European Networks
Debra Johnson
Senior Lecturer, Department of Marketing and Business Strategy, Hull University, UK
Colin Turner
Lecturer in International Business Strategy, Hull University, UK
© D. Johnson, C. Turner 2007
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-4283-8
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First published 2007 by
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PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
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ISBN 978-1-349-52164-7 ISBN 978-0-230-21066-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230210660
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Johnson, Debra, 1957-
Strategy and policy for trans-European networks / Debra Johnson,
Colin Turner.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. European cooperation. 2. Transportation–European Union countries–
International cooperation. 3. Telecommunication–European Union
countries–International cooperation. 4. Power resources–European Union
countries–International cooperation. I. Turner, Colin, 1967- II. Title.
JN30.J53 2007
388.094–dc22 2006051592
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07
Contents
List of Tables viii
List of Graphs ix
List of Figures x
Preface xi
Chapter 1 An Emerging Paradigm for Network Development 1
The emerging network economy and the
internationalisation of infrastructure 3
Public policy and infrastructure 8
The shifting network environment: policy and
corporate changes 13
A political economy framework for network
development 17
Patterns of network development 20
Corporate 20
Control 21
Liberal 22
Strategic 23
Conclusion 25
Chapter 2 A Development Paradigm for Trans-European
Networks 27
Control and fragmentation: the national
development of European infrastructure 27
Internationalisation under control: an emerging
infrastructure policy for the European Union 29
The emergence of modern TENs: from the Action
Plan to the Treaty on European Union 21
The shifting paradigm of network development 34
Industrial policy and the competitive environment 38
The TENs programme and the Lisbon Agenda 40
Internationalisation and the shifting paradigm
of infrastructure development in the EU 42
Conclusion 46
v
vi Contents
Chapter 3 Transport TENs 48
The emerging mobility gap and European transport
trends 51
The evolution of transport TENs policy 56
Roads 67
Rail 71
Inland waterways 75
The maritime sector 80
Airports 83
Stakeholders and strategic responses to transport
TENs 85
Public stakeholders: the European Union 87
Public stakeholders: the nation state 87
Public stakeholders: the regions and local authorities 89
Owners and operators of infrastructure 89
Transport and logistics companies 91
Customers and citizens 94
Conclusion 95
Chapter 4 Trans-European Telecommunication Networks 101
The European information Society 102
An emerging framework for the development of
telecommunications infrastructure 104
The starting model 105
The regulatory model (1990–96) 106
Transitional model (1996–97) 106
The fully liberalised model (from 1998) 106
The electronic communications framework 108
Market-driven processes 110
The emergence of pan-European networks 112
The telecoms crisis in Europe 114
The telecoms crisis and the impact on TENs 115
The dilemma of the local loop 117
Mobile network development and the European
information economy 119
The challenge to net neutrality 122
Public policy measures towards the development
of trans-European telecommunications networks 124
National broadband strategies 127
Conclusion: towards a new framework for the
emerging information society 130
Contents vii
Chapter 5 Energy TENs 134
General characteristics of energy networks 135
Evolution of policy towards energy TENs 139
The electricity network 148
The gas network 153
The liberalisation-infrastructure nexus 156
The corporate response 163
Conclusion 174
Chapter 6 Themes in the Development of the European
Network Economy 178
Reflections on the policy/strategy framework 179
Transport 179
Telecoms 181
Energy 183
Regime change in Europe’s network sectors:
the shifting policy-strategy interface 186
Nodes 186
Services 188
Links 189
Strategic issues 191
Convergence – multi-utilities 191
Technological convergence 192
The rise of the virtual operator 193
Policy issues 194
The global dimension 196
Corporate 197
Policy 198
Conclusions 201
Notes 202
Index 207
List of Tables
1.1 Comparison of active and passive industrial policies 14
2.1 Pre-single market infrastructure policy 31
2.2 Regime shift within European Union infrastructure
provision 38
3.1 Growth rates of main transport modes – EU-15 53
3.2 Christophersen priority projects (also known as
‘the Essen projects’) 60
3.3 Priority TEN transport axes and projects 65
3.4 Road-related TEN-T priority axes and projects 68
3.5 Mini-cases – emergence of pan-European logistics
companies 92
3.6 Summary of frameworks in which transport sectors
operate 96
4.1 State ownership and market power of incumbents
(September 2005) 103
4.2 State of transposition of electronic communications
directives (October 2004) 109
4.3 3G operators offering commercial services (September
2005) 122
4.4 Comparative broadband deployment 128
5.1 Energy priorities identified in 1990 TENs Action
Programme 141
5.2 Trans-European energy networks – priority axes identified
in 2003 guidelines 146
5.3 2004 EU gas imports by pipeline and LNG (billion cubic
metres) 155
5.4 Evolution of rules governing Europe’s electricity
markets 158
5.5 Degree of market concentration in Europe’s electricity
sector 166
5.6 Market concentration in the wholesale gas market
– 2004 168
6.1 Summary of policy stances in TENs sectors 196
viii
List of Graphs
3.1 Modal performance of freight transport – EU-15
– bn tonne km 54
3.2 Modal performance of passenger transport – EU-15
– bn passenger km 54
3.3 Freight modal split by member state – 2002 (tonne-km) 55
3.4 Passenger modal split by member state – 2002
(passenger-km) 56
3.5 Inland waterways as % of freight by country 76
5.1 Electricity import capacity as a % of installed capacity 149
5.2 Imports and exports as % of electricity consumption
in 2004 150
5.3 Gas import dependency by member state: 2004 154
5.4 Electricity – degree of market opening (2004) 161
5.5 Gas – degree of market opening (2004) 161
5.6 Share of available gas controlled by largest company 167
ix