Table Of ContentSPRINGER BRIEFS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
Martha Demas
Neville Agnew
Fan Jinshi
Strategies for
Sustainable
Tourism at the
Mogao Grottoes of
Dunhuang, China
123
SpringerBriefs in Archaeology
Archaeological Heritage Management
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Douglas Comer
Helaine Silverman
Willem Willems
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Martha Demas (cid:129) Neville Agnew (cid:129) Fan Jinshi
Strategies for Sustainable
Tourism at the Mogao
Grottoes of Dunhuang, China
With contributions by
Shin Maekawa, Lorinda Wong, Wang Xudong,
Su Bomin, Chen Ganquan, Wang Xiaowei, and Li Ping
Martha Demas Neville Agnew
Getty Conservation Institute Getty Conservation Institute
Los Angeles , CA , USA Los Angeles , CA , USA
Fan Jinshi
Dunhuang Academy
Dunhuang , China
ISSN 1861-6623 ISSN 2192-4910 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-08999-7 ISBN 978-3-319-09000-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09000-9
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945549
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Pref ace
This publication addresses a complex and multifaceted problem at an iconic World
Heritage site in far northwestern China. The site, the Mogao Grottoes near the
oasis town of Dunhuang in Gansu Province, has experienced an explosive rise in
tourism over the last 10–15 years. Pressure from visitors for access to the cave
temples containing sublime Buddhist art dating from the fourth to the fourteenth
centuries CE has reached crisis dimensions and threatens the fragile cave paintings
and sculpture while simultaneously degrading the visitor experience through over-
crowding in the confi ned spaces of the rock-cut caves and along narrow access
walkways. Congestion management is an important element of visitor manage-
ment at heritage sites, but often sites are suffi ciently robust and durable to with-
stand a degree of overcrowding—it is the visitor who is disadvantaged. At the
Mogao site, the driving force for the present study was preservation of the art and
the need for a better understanding of the causes of deterioration and whether and
to what degree the number of visitors and the act of visitation itself, that is groups
entering and occupying the cave temples, were responsible for or contribute to the
many kinds of decay and damage found in the wall paintings. Working within the
framework of the master plan for the Mogao Grottoes, itself structured to comply
with professional guidelines issued by China ICOMOS (the Principles for the
Conservation of Heritage Sites in China ), the visitor study strived essentially to
understand natural and human-induced deterioration as a prerequisite to determin-
ing safe levels for visitation while also endeavoring to provide a good visitor expe-
rience. To achieve this required a wide range of expertise and input of many
disciplines, involving analytical and laboratory investigations, environmental
research, analysis of visitation to the site, assessments of physical condition, devel-
opment of visitor fl ow simulation models and visitor management systems. This
study is part of comprehensive visitor planning undertaken by the vested authority
for site, the Dunhuang Academy (DA), which includes a new visitor center, to be
opened in 2014, with state-of-the-art presentation and interpretation. It provides an
opportunity for the DA at the present critical juncture to manage tourism growth at
v
vi Preface
Mogao in a sustainable manner and from a position of strength, rather than one on
the defensive against tourism pressure. For the fi eld of cultural heritage manage-
ment at large, this study provides a methodology applicable, in whole or in part, to
many other sites faced with debilitating tourism growth.
Los Angeles, CA, USA Martha Demas
Los Angeles, CA, USA Neville Agnew
Dunhuang, Gansu, People’s Republic of China Fan Jinshi
Acknowledgments
The visitor study for the Mogao Grottoes is an outcome of many years of work and
successful collaboration between the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) and the
Dunhuang Academy (DA). Among DA staff members who have contributed to this
study the authors wish in particular to thank Deputy Director of the Dunhuang
Academy Wang Xudong* and director of the Conservation Institute Su Bomin for
support throughout the project; and to recognize the efforts of Chen Gangquan, with
assistance of Qiao Hai, who supervised monitoring of wall painting condition in the
four test caves and with Fan Yuquan ran the accelerated deterioration experiments
on replica wall painting test coupons; Xue Ping undertook maintenance of the envi-
ronmental monitoring equipment in the fi eld testing caves and processed data for
transmission to the GCI; Wang Xiaowei, Xu Shuqing, and Zhu Wanyu contributed
to the compilation of information and the assessment of the 112 priority visitation
caves; and Li Ping, director of the Visitor Reception Department, and her staff pro-
vided input and information on visitor management practices and policies and the
development of visitor management tools. The DA provided many of the photo-
graphs used in this publication.
S hin Maekawa and Lorinda Wong have been core members of the GCI visitor
study team from the beginning and contributed substantially to this publication.
Maekawa has provided years of environmental monitoring and analysis that are
central to the study, described in Sect. 4 .2.3; Wong developed and led the cave
assessment process, described in Sect. 4 .2.4 . GCI former staff member Jonathan
Bell provided valuable support and input in all aspects of the work and was espe-
cially instrumental in carrying out and assessing the results of fi eld testing. GCI
staff Michael Schilling and Joy Mazurek contributed to chemical analytical work
for the study; and Vincent Beltran, working under Shin Maekawa, further analyzed
environmental data. Former intern Shuya Wei did initial studies on the humidity-salt
* For Chinese names we have retained the standard practice of placing the family name first
followed by the given name.
vii
viii Acknowledgments
relationship. Kiernan Graves contributed to the risk assessment of caves as a GCI
intern and later as consultant. Valerie Greathouse undertook bibliographic searches
and verifi ed citations. Peter Barker undertook oral translation and formal written
translation of documents. Special acknowledgment is due to Po-Ming Lin who,
throughout the GCI’s long relationship with the Dunhuang Academy, has been a
lynchpin in the productive partnership.
Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
References ................................................................................................... 9
2 Conceptual Frameworks for Managing Visitor Impact ........................ 11
2.1 Concept of Visitor Carrying Capacity ................................................ 11
2.2 Application of Visitor Impact Models to Cultural Heritage Sites ...... 14
2.3 The Chinese Context .......................................................................... 17
References ................................................................................................... 22
3 The Mogao Grottoes ................................................................................. 27
3.1 The Mogao Grottoes: Past and Present .............................................. 27
3.2 Site and Visitor Management and the Master Planning Process ........ 33
References ................................................................................................... 38
4 The Mogao Visitor Study ......................................................................... 41
4.1 Methodology of the Visitor Study ...................................................... 41
4.1.1 Parameters of the Study and Management Objectives ........... 41
4.1.2 Issues, Indicators, and Desired Conditions ............................ 46
4.2 Research and Assessment Strategy .................................................... 48
4.2.1 Assessment of Visitation to the Mogao Grottoes ................... 48
4.2.2 Analytical Investigations ........................................................ 59
4.2.3 Environmental Investigations ................................................. 65
4.2.4 Assessment of Condition and Visitation Potential ................. 77
4.3 Defi ning the Limiting Conditions ...................................................... 84
References ................................................................................................... 87
5 Strategies for Sustainable Tourism .......................................................... 89
5.1 Developing Monitoring and Management Tools and Strategies ........ 89
5.1.1 Applying the Management Tools ........................................... 91
5.1.2 Monitoring Indicators and Management Actions .................. 93
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