Strategies and Options for Increasing and Sustaining Fisheries and Aquaculture Production to ...

196 Pages·2008·1.57 MB·English

S
t
The last three decades have witnessed ra
t
e
dramatic changes in the structure of supply g
ie
and demand for fish, especially in Asia. This s

a
WorldFish research study sponsored by the n
d
Asian Development Bank focussed on nine
O
developing countries – Bangladesh, China, p
t
io
India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri n
s
Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam, all active players fo
in the transformation of global fish supply and r
In
demand. The study, broken into five components c
r
e
and reported here, considered: 1) the profile a
s
of key aquaculture technologies and fishing in
g
practices; 2) analysis of policies, institutions a
n
and support services; 3) socioeconomic profile d

S
of major stakeholders in the fisheries sector; u
s
4) projections of fish demand and supply in ta
the nine Asian countries; and 5) formulation of inin
national action plans based on the findings and g

F
recommendations of the study. is
h
e
r
ie
s

a
n
d

A
q
u
a
c
u
lt
u
r
e

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
io
n

t
o

B
e STuDIES AND rEVIEWS | 1823
n
e
f
it

P
o
o
r
e
r

H
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
s

in
A Strategies and Options for Increasing and
s
ia
Sustaining Fisheries and Aquaculture Production
to Benefit Poorer Households in Asia
ISBN 978-983-2346-66-1
2008
T
h
For further information on publications please contact: e

W
Business Development and Communications Division
o
The WorldFish Center r
PO Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia ld
F
Tel : [phone] is
Fax : [phone] h

C
Email : [email protected]
e
n
t
This publication is also available from: www.worldfishcenter.org e
r
Reducing poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and aquaculture www.worldfishcenter.org

Strategies and Options for
Increasing and Sustaining Fisheries and
Aquaculture Production to
Benefit Poorer Households in Asia
Madan M. Dey
Roehlano M. Briones
Yolanda T. Garcia
Ayut Nissapa
U. Primo Rodriguez
Rezaul Karim Talukder
Athulah Senaratne
Ishak Hj. Omar
Sonny Koeshendrajana
Nguyen Tri Khiem
Tai Shzee Yew
Miao Weimin
D.S. Jayakody
Praduman Kumar
Ramachandra Bhatta
Muhammad Sirajul Haque
Muhammad A. Rab
Chen Oai Li
Luping Li
Ferdinand J. Paraguas
This document should be cited as
Dey, M.M., R.M. Briones, Y.T. Garcia, A. Nissapa, U.P. Rodriguez, R.K. Talukder, A. Senaratne,
I.H. Omar, S. Koeshendrajana, N.T. Khiem, T.S. Yew, M. Weimin, D.S. Jayakody, P. Kumar,
R. Bhatta, M.S. Haque, M.A. Rab, O.L. Chen, L. Luping and F.J. Paraguas. 2008. Strategies
and Options for Increasing and Sustaining Fisheries and Aquaculture Production to Benefit
Poorer Households in Asia. WorldFish Center Studies and Reviews No. 1823. The WorldFish
Center, Penang, Malaysia. 180 p.
This report includes a CD with the same title located on the inside of the rear cover. The
following files will be found on the CD:
Print and web files for this report in A4 format
Print and web files for this report in Letter format
Web files containing the appendices to this report in A4 and Letter format
Cover photographs
Front (L to R): Dominyk Lever; Fem Com Bangladesh; Hong Meen Chee
Rear: Dominyk Lever
Printed by Sun Printers Sdn Bhd.
ISBN 978-983-2346-66-1
WorldFish Center Contribution No. 1823
© 2008 The WorldFish Center
Published by The WorldFish Center, P.O. Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia
A PDF copy of this publication is available from: www.worldfishcenter.org
All rights reserved. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational or
non-profit purposes without permission if due acknowledgement is given to the copyright
holder. This publication may not be reproduced for profit or other commercial purposes without
prior written permission from the WorldFish Center. To obtain permission contact the Business
Development and Communications Division at [email protected].
COntentS
Acknowledgements vii
Abbreviations and Acronyms viii
Executive Summary xi
1. Introduction 1
Background 1
Objectives and Scope of the Study 2
About This Report 4
2. Overview of Fisheries and Aquaculture in Asia 5
The Global Context 5
Contribution of Fisheries within Asia 5
Role and Contribution of the Different Aquatic Ecosystems 7
Overview of Fisheries Research and Development in Asia 9
Summary 12
3. Profile and Economics of Aquaculture and Fisheries Technologies 13
Aquaculture 13
Capture Fisheries 24
Processing and Post-harvest Technologies 32
Hatchery Technologies 35
4. Technical Efficiency of Aquaculture Systems in Asia 37
Introduction 37
Analytical Framework 38
Empirical Model 38
Data 40
Results and Discussion 40
Conclusion 47
5. Policies, Support Services, and Institutional Environment in Fisheries 49
Sectoral Policies 49
Trade and Macroeconomic Policies 53
Support Services 58
Fisheries Institutions 60
Concluding Remarks 66
6. Profile of Fish Farmers, Fishers and Traders 67
Introduction 67
Freshwater Fish Farmers 67
Brackishwater and Coastal Aquaculture Farmers 71
Marine Aquaculture 74
Marine Capture Fishers 74
Inland Capture Fishers 78
Seed Producers 79
Fish Traders 80
Conclusion 83
StrAtegIeS And OPtIOnS FOr InCreASIng And SuStAInIng FISHerIeS
iv And AquACulture PrOduCtIOn tO BeneFIt POOrer HOuSeHOldS In ASIA
7. Analysis of Fish Demand, Supply, and Trade 85
Introduction 85
Demand 85
Supply 94
Exports and Imports 103
Conclusion 106
8. Projections for Fish Supply and Demand 107
Introduction 107
The Asia Fish Model 107
Model Parameters and Exogenous Variables 109
Results 116
Conclusion 135
9. The Potential Impacts of Various Technology and Policy Options 136
Introduction 136
Freshwater Aquaculture 137
Brackishwater and Marine Aquaculture 138
Marine Capture Fisheries 139
Inland Capture Fisheries 141
Evaluating Options for Upstream and Post-harvest Activities 142
10. Priority Technologies and National Strategies 145
Overview 145
Priority Technologies 145
National Action Plans 152
A Synthesis of Priority Technologies and Action Strategies 163
11. IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 166
Framework 166
Project Activities and Outputs 166
References 174
v
APPendICeS AvAIlABle On Cd
Appendix 1: 185
National project team composition for the nine DMCS, ADB-RETA 5945
Appendix 2 189
Table 1 Summary of fisheries laws and regulations in the selected countries
Table 2 Land tenure and water-use rights in the selected countries
Table 3 Co-management, community-based management, and decentralization in the
selected countries
Table 4 Roles of local organizations, private sector and NGOs in the selected countries
Table 5 International involvement in fisheries in the selected countries
Appendix 3 204
Source of data on the demand side
Econometric approaches to demand
Model and estimation procedure for the study
Data tables
Table 1 Summary of consumption data sources for the selected countries
Table 2 Summary of production data sources in the selected countries
Table 3 Supply parameter estimates by production system and fish type in nine DMCs
Table 4 Fish supply and input demand elasticity estimates by production system and fish
type in nine DMCs

Appendix 4 234
Table 1 Supply and demand elasticities by types of fish in nine DMCs
Appendix 5 242
Twelve articles from Aquaculture Economics and Management volume 9 (issue 1 and 2)
January 2005:
Aquaculture—food and livelihoods for the poor in Asia: A brief overview of the issues
Status and economics of freshwater aquaculture in selected countries of Asia
Technical efficiency of freshwater pond polyculture production in selected Asian countries:
estimation and implication
Economic feasibility of community-based fish culture in seasonally flooded rice fields in
Bangladesh and Vietnam
Fish consumption and food security: a disaggregated analysis by types of fish and classes of
consumers in selected Asian countries
Disaggregated analysis of fish supply, demand, and trade in Asia: baseline model and
estimation strategy
StrAtegIeS And OPtIOnS FOr InCreASIng And SuStAInIng FISHerIeS
vi And AquACulture PrOduCtIOn tO BeneFIt POOrer HOuSeHOldS In ASIA
Demand for fish in the Philippines: a disaggregated analysis
The effects of export prices on the demand and supply for fish in the Philippines
China’s accession to the WTO and its implications for the fishery and aquaculture sector
Food safety standards and regulatory measures: implications for selected fish exporting Asian
countries
Inland aquaculture in India: past trend, present status and future prospects
The farming practices and economics of aquaculture in Thailand
ACknOwledgementS vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This publication and the project to which it relates were carried out in partnership with
• Department of Fisheries, Bangladesh
• Bangladesh Agricultural University
• University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
• Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, China
• Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, China
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research, India
• Indian Agricultural Research Institute
• University of Agricultural Sciences, India
• Gujarat Agricultural University, India
• Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Indonesia
• Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia
• Diponegoro University, Indonesia
• Department of Fisheries, Malaysia
• Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia
• Universiti Putra Malaysia
• Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Philippines
• University of the Philippines at Los Banos
• Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Sri Lanka
• National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka
• National Aquaculture Development Authority, Sri Lanka
• Department of Fisheries, Thailand
• Prince of Songkhla University, Thailand
• Institute of Fisheries Economics and Planning, Vietnam
• Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute, Vietnam
• Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 2, Vietnam
• An Giang University, Vietnam
—through generous funding support of the Asian Development Bank. The authors
gratefully acknowledge the significant contribution of all the members of the project
team listed in appendix 1. WorldFish also gratefully acknowledges the highly valued
unrestricted funding support from the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR) specifically the following members: Australia, Canada, Egypt, Germany,
India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the
United States of America.
StrAtegIeS And OPtIOnS FOr InCreASIng And SuStAInIng FISHerIeS
viii And AquACulture PrOduCtIOn tO BeneFIt POOrer HOuSeHOldS In ASIA
AbbREVIATIONS AND ACRONyMS
(Note: This list follows the alphabetical order of the acronyms, not the full names to
which they refer.)
ADB – Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
AFA – Area Fishers’ Association, Malaysia
AFMA – Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (1997), Philippines
AFTA – Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Free Trade Area
(Agreement)
AGE – Applied General Equilibrium
AIDS – Almost Ideal Demand System
AIT – Asian Institute of Technology, Prathumthani, Thailand
BAR – Bureau of Agricultural Research, Department of Agriculture, Philippines
BFAR – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Philippines
BFRI – Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute
BOI – Board of Investment (in the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand)
CAFS – Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
CARL – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (1987), Philippines
CBM – Community-based Management
CCAP – Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, People’s Republic of China
CD – Cobb-Douglas functional form of the Cobb-Douglas Production Function
and Technical Efficiency Model
CFHC – Coastal Fisheries Household Census, Sri Lanka
CIDA – Canadian International Development Agency
CPIC – Consumer Price Index Survey, Philippines
CPUE – Catch Per Unit of Effort
CRZ – Coastal Resources Zone (1997), India
CTS – Consistent Two-step Estimation (model procedure)
DA-BFAR – Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources,
Philippines
Danida – Danish International Development Agency
DEA – Data Envelopment Analysis
DEGITA – Dissemination and Evaluation of Genetically Improved Tilapia,
WorldFish Center
DFAR – Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Sri Lanka
DFID – Department for International Development, U.K.
DMC – Developing Member Country
DOE – Department of the Environment, Malaysia
DOF – Department of Fisheries (Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and Thailand)
DOFAR – Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Sri Lanka
EEZ – Exclusive Economic Zone
EU – European Union, Brussels, Belgium
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
FD – Food Expenditure Function
FFDA – Fish Farmers’ Development Agencies
FFRC – Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, People’s Republic of China
FIES – Family Income and Expenditure Survey
FS – Fish Expenditure Function
GAPPINDO – Federation of Indonesian Fisheries Entrepreneurs
GDP – Gross Domestic Product
GOI – (Used for) Government of India; Government of Indonesia
GSP – Generalized System of Preferences
HACCP – Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
HNSI – Association of Indonesian Fishers