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Strategic
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Au3939 _title 4/25/05 9:21 AM Page 1
Strategic
Software
Engineering
An Interdisciplinary Approach
Fadi P. Deek
James A.M. McHugh
Osama M. Eljabiri
Boca Raton London New York Singapore
Published in 2005 by
Auerbach Publications
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3939-1 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3939-4 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005041000
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Strategic software engineering : an interdisciplinary approach / Fadi P. Deek, James A.M.
McHugh, Osama M. Eljabiri.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-3939-1 (alk. paper)
1. Software engineering. I. Deek, Fadi P. II. McHugh, James A., 1994- III. Eljabiri,
Osama M.
QA76.758.S765 2005
005.1--dc22 2005041000
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http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
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Contents
Dedication ........................................................................................... xi
Preface ............................................................................................... xiii
Introduction ........................................................................................ xv
About the Authors ........................................................................... xxv
Section I The Process and Its Models.....................................1
1 Softwar e Development Strategies: Basic Planning
and Contr ol..................................................................................... 3
1.1 Introduction..............................................................................................3
1.2 Characteristics of Software Development Strategies................................6
1.3 Life-Cycle Models....................................................................................11
1.3.1 The Waterfall Model....................................................................11
1.3.2 Incremental and Iterative Models...............................................15
1.4 Risk-Reduction Models............................................................................20
1.4.1 The Prototyping Model...............................................................20
1.4.2 The Spiral Model.........................................................................25
1.4.3 The Cleanroom Model.................................................................31
References........................................................................................................35
2 Softwar e Development Strategies: T ools, Objects,
and Reuse ...................................................................................... 39
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................39
2.2 CASE Tools...............................................................................................39
2.3 Object-Oriented and Reuse Models........................................................43
2.3.1 Object-Oriented Models..............................................................44
v
vi (cid:2)
2.3.2 Rational Unified Process Model (RUP)........................................47
2.3.3 Commercial Off-the-Shelf Model (COTS)....................................51
2.3.4 The Reengineering Model...........................................................58
References........................................................................................................62
3 Softwar e Development Strategies: Pr ocess Impr ovement .......65
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................65
3.2 Productivity-Driven Dynamic Process Modeling....................................66
3.3 Human Factors in Development Models................................................68
3.4 The Capability Maturity Model...............................................................75
3.5 Personal and Team Software Development Models................................79
References........................................................................................................83
4 Softwar e Development Strategies:
Reinventing How It Is Done ........................................................ 87
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................87
4.2 Open Source Model................................................................................88
4.3 Agile Software Development..................................................................90
4.4 Rapid Application Development (RAD) Models.....................................94
4.5 Workflow Application Models.................................................................97
4.6 Aspect-Oriented Development..............................................................101
References......................................................................................................103
5 An Assessment of Pr ocess Life-Cycle Models .......................... 105
5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................105
5.2 The Dimension of Time........................................................................111
5.3 The Need for a Business Model in Software Engineering....................112
5.4 Classic Invalid Assumptions..................................................................113
5.4.1 First Assumption: Internal or External Drivers.........................113
5.4.2 Second Assumption: Software or Business Processes...............114
5.4.3 Third Assumption: Processes or Projects..................................114
5.4.4 Fourth Assumption: Process Centered or
Architecture Centered...............................................................115
5.5 Implications of the New Business Model.............................................116
5.6 Role of the Problem-Solving Process in This Approach.......................117
5.6.1 Data............................................................................................117
5.6.2 Problem Definition....................................................................118
5.6.3 Tools and Capabilities...............................................................118
5.7 Redefining the Software Engineering Process......................................119
5.7.1 Round-Trip Problem-Solving Approach.....................................120
5.7.2 Activities....................................................................................120
5.7.3 Goals..........................................................................................121
5.7.4 Interdisciplinary Resources.......................................................121
5.7.5 Time...........................................................................................121
References......................................................................................................123
(cid:2) vii
Section II Strategies for Solving Software Problems...........125
6 The Problem-Solving Pr ocess .................................................... 127
6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................127
6.2 What Is a Problem?...............................................................................131
6.2.1 Problems of Meeting Standards.................................................134
6.2.2 Problems of Selection between Alternatives.............................135
6.2.3 Problems of Customer Satisfaction...........................................135
6.2.4 Problems of Goal Achievement.................................................136
6.2.5 Problems of Goal Evolution......................................................136
6.3 What Is Problem Solving?.....................................................................136
6.3.1 Models of Problem Solving.......................................................137
6.3.2 Commonalities in Problem-Solving Models...............................139
6.3.3 Complex Management-Driven Strategies..................................142
6.3.3.1 Problem Reduction (Decomposition)........................142
6.3.3.2 Reusable Subproblems and Solutions........................142
6.3.3.3 Problem Expansion (Composition)............................143
6.3.3.4 Problem Misrepresentation........................................144
6.3.4 Strategies Driven by Task Structuring.......................................145
6.3.4.1 Linear Problem-Solving Strategies..............................146
6.3.4.2 Iterative Problem-Solving Strategies...........................146
6.3.4.3 Parallel Problem-Solving Strategies.............................147
6.3.4.4 Dynamic Problem-Solving Strategy.............................147
6.3.5 Capabilities-Driven Strategies....................................................147
6.4 What Is a Solution?...............................................................................148
6.4.1 Problems and Solutions in Context of the Old
Business Environment...............................................................148
6.4.2 Problems and Solutions in Context of the Information Age....151
References......................................................................................................152
7 Softwar e Technology and Pr oblem Solving ............................. 155
7.1 Introduction..........................................................................................155
7.2 Software Technology as Enabling Business Tool—What
Computers Can Do...............................................................................157
7.2.1 Exponential Growth in Capability............................................157
7.2.2 Business Problem-Solving Optimization....................................157
7.2.3 The E-Business Revolution........................................................158
7.2.4 Portability Power.......................................................................160
7.2.5 Connectivity Power...................................................................161
7.3 Software Technology as a Limited Business Tool—What Computers
Cannot Do.............................................................................................161
7.3.1 People Have Different Needs That Change over Time.............162
7.3.2 Most Users Do not Understand Computer Languages.............162
7.3.3 Decisions and Problems—Complex and Ill Structured............163
7.3.4 Businesses View Software Technology as a Black Box
for Creating Economic Value.....................................................164
viii (cid:2)
7.3.5 Computers Cannot Work without People.................................168
7.4 A View of Problem Solving and Software Engineering........................169
References......................................................................................................171
8 Evolution of Softwar e Development Strategies ....................... 173
8.1 Introduction..........................................................................................173
8.2 Current Challenges to Software Development.....................................174
8.3 Competing Views of Software Development........................................175
8.4 The Engineering of Software................................................................177
8.5 The Process and the Model..................................................................178
8.6 Progression in Software Engineering Strategies...................................181
8.6.1 The Era of Management Isolation.............................................181
8.6.2 The Era of Traditional Software Engineering............................182
8.6.3 The Era of Business Evaluation of Software Engineering.........183
8.6.4 Maturity Era: the Era of Business-Driven Software
Engineering................................................................................184
8.6.5 Characteristics of Current Software Development...................185
References......................................................................................................187
9 Diversifi cation of Pr oblem-Solving Strategies
in Softwar e Engineering ............................................................ 189
9.1 Introduction..........................................................................................189
9.2 Understanding Diversification in Software Engineering......................191
9.2.1 Driving Forces of Diversity in Development Strategies...........191
9.3 The Hidden Value of Differences..........................................................196
9.4 Integration—Not Differentiation...........................................................197
9.4.1 Investing in Diversification.......................................................198
9.4.2 Factors That Affect Interdisciplinary Ignorance........................198
9.4.2.1 Unreliable Sources of Information.............................198
9.4.2.2 Partial Knowledge......................................................199
9.4.2.3 Lack of Communication.............................................200
9.4.2.4 Interorganizational Ignorance....................................200
9.5 Diversity in Problem Solver Skills at the Project Management Level......203
9.6 Diversity as Value-Adding Tool in Problem Analysis..............................204
References......................................................................................................206
10 Strategies at the Pr oblem Engineering Level ........................... 209
10.1 Introduction..........................................................................................209
10.2 Identifying Interdisciplinary Resources and Comprehensive
Problem Identification...........................................................................210
10.2.1 The Reverse Engineering Method.............................................210
10.2.2 The Problem Decomposition Method......................................211
10.3 Data Collection Phase...........................................................................212
10.3.1 Generate Stakeholders...............................................................212
10.3.1.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................213
10.3.2 Rationale for Change.................................................................213
(cid:2) ix
10.3.2.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................214
10.3.3 The Measurement of Risks of Change......................................214
10.3.3.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................215
10.3.4 Thorough Diagnosis..................................................................215
10.3.4.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................216
10.3.5 Survey for Benchmarking and Setting Evaluation Criteria.......216
10.3.6 Initial Functional Requirements................................................216
10.3.6.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................217
10.3.7 Initial Nonfunctional Requirements..........................................218
10.3.7.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................218
10.3.8 Tools Identification and Allocation............................................219
10.3.8.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................219
10.4 Data-Processing Phase...........................................................................220
10.4.1 Validation and Verification Subphase........................................221
10.4.1.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................221
10.4.2 Refinement Subphase................................................................221
10.4.2.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................221
10.4.3 Data Mining Subphase...............................................................222
10.4.3.1 Interdisciplinary Perspective......................................222
10.5 Information Presentation Phase............................................................222
10.6 Strategies in Software Engineering.......................................................223
References......................................................................................................225
Section III Interdisciplinary Factors in Software
Development.........................................................................227
11 People and Softwar e Engineering ............................................ 229
11.1 Introduction..........................................................................................229
11.2 Interdisciplinary Background................................................................230
11.3 The Importance of People in the Problem-Solving Process................231
11.3.1 The Roles of Users in Problem Definition................................231
11.4 Human-Driven Software Engineering....................................................233
11.5 The People Factor—Multidisciplinary Aspects.....................................234
11.5.1 People as Project Managers.......................................................235
11.6 The Team Factor....................................................................................239
11.7 The Customer Factor............................................................................240
References......................................................................................................241
12 Economics and Softwar e Engineering ..................................... 243
12.1 Introduction..........................................................................................243
12.2 Economics and the Development of Software.....................................244
12.3 The Rationale for Software Economics.................................................246
12.4 The Influence of Software Economics on Software Engineering........247
12.5 Software Economics..............................................................................249
12.5.1 Value Maximization...................................................................249
12.5.2 Evaluating Investment Options.................................................251
