Strategic Airport Planning

466 Pages·1999·40.71 MB·English

by  R.E. Caves

Strategic Airport Planning
Cover photo © 1995 SoftKey International Inc.
Plan of Austin-Bergstrom International Airport reproduced with permission.
Strategic Airport Planning
Robert E. Caves
Department of Aeronautical and
Automotive Engineering and Transport Studies
Loughborough University of Technology
Loughborough, Leicester, U.K.
Geoffrey D. Gosling
Institute of Transportation Studies
University of California
Berkeley, CA, U.S.A.
1999
Pergamon
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First edition 1999
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for.
Library of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publ1cat Ion Data
Caves, Robert E.
Strategic airport planning / by Robert E. Caves, Geoffrey D.
GoslIng.
p. en.
Includes bibliographical references and Index.
ISBN 0-08-042764-2 (HC)
1. Airports—Planning. I. Gosling, Geoffrey David. II. Title.
TL725.3.P5C35 1999
387.7'36—dc21 99-10050
CIP
ISBN: 0 08 042764 2
©The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Printed in The Netherlands.
Contents
CONTENTS
List of Tables .xi
List of Figures .xi
Preface ,xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Context of Airport System Planning 1
1.2 Scope of the Book 4
1.2.1 Aviation system planning 5
1.2.2 Motivation for airport system planning 6
1.3 Development of the Airport Planning Process 6
1.3.1 Master planning 7
1.3.2 Strategic system planning 8
1.4 Challenges to the Traditional Planning Approach 9
1.4.1 The changing context of airport planning .9
1.4.2 New aspects of old challenges 10
1.4.3 Uncertainty 13
1.4.4 Planning methods 14
1.5 Format of the Book 15
2 The Evolving Context of Airport Planning 17
2.1 Traditional Institutional Roles 17
2.1.1 Airline regulation 17
2.1.2 Airports as a public facility 18
2.2 Market Imperfections 19
2.2.1 Lack of competition 19
2.2.2 Direct and indirect subsidies 19
2.2.3 Shortage of investment funds 20
2.2.4 Political decision distortions 21
2.3 Environmental Concerns 21
2.3.1 Global concerns 21
2.3.2 Aircraft noise 22
2.3.3 Air and water quality 23
2.3.4 Energy use 24
2.3.5 Ground traffic 25
2.3.6 Safety 25
2.4 Economic Considerations 27
2.4.1 Efficiency 27
2.4.2 Economic benefits of air transportation 28
2.4.3 Externalities 29
2.5 Institutional Changes in the Aviation Sector 30
2.5.1 Airline deregulation and ownership 30
2.5.2 Airport corporatisation and privatisation 32
2.5.3 Sustainability 33
2.5.4 Intermodalism 35
3 Towards a Strategic View of Planning 39
3.1 The Nature of Strategic Planning 39
vi Strategic Airport Planning
3.1.1 Defining a strategic view of airport planning 39
3.1.2 The strategic planning process 46
3.2 Stakeholders, Goals and Objectives 48
3.3 Measuring System Performance 52
3.4 Risk and Uncertainty 54
3.5 Competition 55
3.5.1 The airline industry 55
3.5.2 Airports 57
3.5.3 Other modes 58
3.5.4 Access to resources 59
3.6 Constraints 60
3.6.1 Operational capacity 61
3.6.2 Environmental concerns 62
3.6.3 Financial 67
4 Understanding Aviation System Behaviour 69
4.1 The Ultimate Consumers 69
4.1.1 Air travel demand 69
4.1.2 Passenger choices 71
4.1.3 Air cargo 71
4.2 Airline Decisions 73
4.2.1 Competition 73
4.2.2 Route structure 76
4.2.3 Strategic alliances 79
4.2.4 Non-scheduled operations 81
4.2.5 Future fleets 82
4.3 Other Aircraft Operators 84
4.3.1 General Aviation 84
4.3.2 Military aviation 87
4.4 National Government Roles 88
4.4.1 Airline regulation 88
4.4.2 Air Service Agreements 89
4.4.3 Airport development 90
4.4.4 Air traffic management 91
4.4.5 Aircraft certification and personnel licensing 93
4.4.6 Airport certification and regulation 93
4.5 Implications for Airport Planning 94
5 Community Response to Airport Development 101
5.1 Airport Benefits 101
5.1.1 Economic activity 101
5.1.2 Stimulation of the economy 103
5.2 Airport Disbenefits 109
5.3 Jurisdictional Issues 113
5.4 Political Response to Conflicting Interests 115
5.4.1 Difficulties hi achieving a balance of interests 115
5.5 The Increasing Costs of Environmental Mitigation 119
6 Economics of Airport Development. 129
6.1 The Airport as a Business 129
6.2 Airport Revenues and Costs 133
Contents vii
6.2.1 Costs 133
6.2.2 Revenues 137
6.3 Implications for Investment Strategies 141
6.3.1 Performance objectives 141
6.3.2 Competitive position 143
6.4 Comparative Performance Measures 145
6.5 Public Investment Priorities 147
6.5.1 Justification for public sector role 147
6.5.2 Programmatic considerations 148
6.6 Managing Capacity Constraints 152
6.6.1 Slot allocation 152
6.6.2 The role of yield management 155
6.6.3 Technological solutions 155
7 Regional Airport System Planning 163
7.1 Metropolitan Airport Systems 165
7.1.1 Evolution of multi-airport systems 165
7.1.2 Opportunities for new airports 167
7.2 System Planning Process 169
7.2.1 Policy objectives and study design 170
7.2.2 Inventory of facilities 170
7.2.3 Forecasts of future demand 171
7.2.4 Definition of alternative plans 172
7.2.5 Evaluation of alternative plans 175
7.2.6 Selection of the preferred alternative 177
7.2.7 Implementation of the plan 178
7.2.8 Monitoring 179
7.3 Activity Allocation Models 180
7.3.1 Air passenger airport choice 180
7.3.2 Airline service choice 183
7.3.3 Based aircraft airport choice 185
7.4 Forecasting in a System Planning Context 186
7.4.1 Effect of supply on demand 186
7.4.2 Technology 187
7.4.3 Timescale 188
7.4.4 Judgement 189
7.4.5 Scenario writing 189
8 National Airport System Planning 195
8.1 National Planning Concerns 196
8.1.1 Role of air transport 197
8.1.2 Investment strategies 201
8.1.3 Development of gateways 202
8.1.4 Modal priorities 203
8.1.5 System capacity 204
8.1.6 National standards 204
8.2 Implementation Strategies 205
8.2.1 System operation and management 205
8.2.2 Financial support 206
8.2.3 Regulation 206
viii Strategic Airport Planning
8.3 Institutional Considerations 207
8.3.1 Departmental responsibilities 207
8.3.2 Regional and local governments 208
8.3.3 Supra-national issues 208
8.4 Role of Analysis in Policy Formulation 208
8.4.1 Scale and complexity 208
8.4.2 Stakeholder acceptance 209
8.4.3 National models 210
8.5 Information Dissemination 211
8.5.1 Closed versus open processes 212
8.5.2 Availability of study results 213
8.5.3 Availability of data and analysis tools 214
8.5.4 Opportunity to comment 214
8.5.5 Role of information technology 215
8.5.6 Summary 216
9 United States Experience 219
9.1 The US Airport System Planning Process 220
9.1.1 National airport system planning 222
9.1.2 State aviation system planning 223
9.1.3 Regional airport system planning 224
9.2 The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems 225
9.2.1 Airport development funding requirements 225
9.2.2 Airport system performance 227
9.2.3 Airport Capital Improvement Plan 229
9.3 The California Aviation System Plan 230
9.3.1 Technical support 232
9.3.2 The Central California Aviation System Plan 233
9.3.3 Multimodal transportation planning 234
9.3.4 The Capital Improvement Program 234
9.3.5 Evolution of the state role 236
9.4 The Minneapolis/St Paul Dual-Track Process 237
9.4.1 The dual-track strategy 240
9.4.2 Addressing uncertainty in the planning process 241
9.4.3 Implementing the dual-track strategy 243
9.4.4 Abandoning the new airport option: the legislature intervenes 244
9.4.5 Traffic growth overtakes the process 247
9.4.6 Lessons from the dual-track experience 252
9.5 The Seattle "Flight Plan" Project 254
9.5.1 Forecast demand 257
9.5.2 Development of alternatives 261
9.5.3 The Sea-Tac Airport Capacity Enhancement Plan 263
9.5.4 Evaluation of alternatives 266
9.5.5 Recommended system evolution 268
9.5.6 Implementation 268
9.6 Conclusions 269
10 The United Kingdom Case 273
10.1 The London System 273
10.1.1 The airports and their historic roles 273
Contents ix
10.1.2 Heathrow developments 281
10.1.3 The search for further runway capacity 290
10.1.4 House of Commons Transport Committee hearings 294
10.1.5 Policies, options and difficulties 296
10.2 National Planning 305
10.2.1 The airports and their roles 305
10.2.2 Attempts at national airport planning 306
10.2.3 The 1986 Airport Privatisation Act 310
10.2.4 London and the regions 313
10.3 The Planning Process 314
10.3.1 Planning frameworks 314
10.3.2 Implicit goals for the UK airport system 318
10.3.3 The performance of the UK airport system 320
10.3.4 Future prospects 322
10.4 Conclusions 324
10.4.1 Heathrow 324
10.4.2 London 325
10.4.3 The UK 325
10.4.4 UK planning methodology 326
11 The European Union Case 329
11.1 The Airports, their Utilisation and their Settings 329
11.2 Policy Considerations 334
11.2.1 Competition and fiscal policies 334
11.2.2 Sustainability 340
11.2.3 Subsidiarity in third country relations 341
11.2.4 Transport policy and Community cohesion 342
11.3 Airline Strategies ^343
11.3.1 Airline responses to liberalisation 343
11.3.2 Hinterland hubs 344
11.3.3 Gateway hubs 345
11.3.4 Multi-airport metropolitan areas 346
11.3.5 Low cost new entrants 347
11.4 Power Relationships 349
11.5 Towards a Realistic European Air Transport Network 350
12 National Airport Planning Cases 353
12.1 Brazil 353
12.2 Canada 356
12.3 Germany 357
12.4 Greece 360
12.5 Japan 363
12.6 Norway 367
12.7 Spain 368
13 Competing Roles for Airports 371
13.1 Introduction 371
13.2 Glasgow, Scotland 372
13.3 Belfast, Northern Ireland 374
13.4 Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 375
13.5 Edmonton, Canada 377