Stories we tell about fauna

6 Pages·1994·1.3 MB·

by  Kristine P Plowman

STORIES WETELLABOUTFAUNA
KRISTIKEP. PLOWMAN
Plowman,K..P. 19940630;Storieswctellaboutfauna.MemoirsoftheQueenslandMuseum
36(1): 185-190. Brisbane. ISSN0079-8835.
1 explore theconnectionsbetween the continuingreduction ofbiodiversity and the stories
wetellaboutfauna.Themajorityofthesestoriesarcstronglyscientificincontentandform,
usuallyemphasisingrationalityandthecontrolandexploitationofnature.Somestoriesmay
alsofunctiontopreservecu—lturalboundaries.Veryfewarepoeticalandimaginativeinform.
—Consequently,Iarguethat inconjunctionwiththehighlyurbanizedlifestylesinAustralia
most peopleseethestoriesasoutsidetheirculture Notonlyarethestories "outside*, so
aretheanimals. UnlessmostAustralians,particularlypublicadministratorsandpoliticians.
gainempathywiththenon-hu—manworld,theproces—sesofpublicadministrationandforward
planning will be ineffectual ifnot detrimental forasafe future forourbiodiversity.
As scientists, wecanhelp by telling different stones. [JHiodiverxiry, conservation, inver-
tebrates, vertebrates, communication, culture, stories, ethics, morality, science,folk.
Kristinc P. Plowman, Environmental Research and Education, PO Box ,?r>3, Red Hill,
Queensland4059, Austmlta; JAugust 1993*
At this conference we are discussing inver- howtheseinfluenceourownbehavioursandthat
tebratebiodiversityandthereisonefactofwhich ofothers. Humanshavealwaysused metaphors,
we are all aware: the biodiversity ofthe world is includingonesinvolvinganimals,toexpl—ainand
undersiege. It is undersiege as forestsare felled, rationalise themselves to themselves and
as urbanisation continues across the landscape, scientists arc no different, I contend, that in our
andaslandand waterare polluted anddegraded. stories about fauna, wc can discover the
—The non-human (which is usually called natural detnmental aspectsofourbehaviourandchange
but in what way are we unnatural?) world is them. We can change them by fashioning dif-
being colonised by humans and their artefacts, ferent ways of speaking about, and relating to,
with an ensuing loss ofecosystems, habitats and the non-human world and ourselves This will
species. entail telling different stories with different ex-
Yet, despite this destruction, the human be- planations.
havioursthatcauseitdonot seem tobechanging Culturally, through differentexplanations, we
and many ofus often ask each other, 'What can may be more able to appreciate and respect
be done to halt this great loss, this extinction of animals other than ourselves. It is worth the try.
species and ofspirit?' I suggest we need to look Ifwe modifyourexplanationsofthe world,ifwc
atourbehaviouras scientists And we havesome explain ourselves to ourselves differently, per-
changing to do. I argue that wc need to think haps we will also modify our adverse interac-
about, speak about and interact with the non- tions with,and impactsupon,theworldin which
human partofourworld in different ways. we hve
Tounderstandhowthismight bedone,weneed
to explore what is it that scientists are saying to ANIMALSTORIES
people about this world we live in. And one way A PERSONAL REFLECTION
to do this is to explore the stories1 we tell about
the non-human world, specifically the fauna. What stories do we tell about our fauna? ami
Such an exploration is heuristic. Wc can learn what stories about our fauna arc important for
for ourselves about ourselves* we can come to people living in our culture? I first began to
appreciate the special ways we use symbols and explore these question when I started to give
I argue that humanshavealways told stories tothemselvestoexplain the world andtheirhuman condition.
Some wouldregard the useoftheterm 'story' asone that trivialise theseexplanations. 1 do not usethe termin
a trivial sense. Others argue thatthere areexplanations thateither true andornot. I regard all these as stories.
Every storyinits wayprovidesuswitha furtherexplanationofourselves.
186 MEMOIRS OFTHE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
publictaiksand leadoutingssomeyearsago.The Thelittlefrogstheycalllikebells
answers were important for successfully per- Thebunyipswimsalone;
formingthese tasks. Acrossthepoolthestarsarclaid
(More recently, I have wondered about the Likestonebysilverystone.
same questions because of the lack of response
from the community in general, and ad- WhatdidIdobeforefwasborn,thebunyipasksthenight;
ministrators in particular, to the promotion and C1olnoodkeemdnaetdmylsoehlafuinnttahepwoaotleri'nstghleabssusahndwhnielaerlaydtiheoduowfmfdriygehat;rsgo
conservation of biodiversity. Here the answers hy-
wereimportant forunderstanding failure). Yet [walkonthestarslikesteppingstonesandI'llclimbtheminto
When I tell a story about this animal or that, thesky
whatdopeople actuallyhear? Whatdoes itmean
to them? The audiences I most often address A ladywalksacrossthenight
comprise middle class parents and children who Andseesamirrorthere;
live in urban landscapes. Notably, with these Oh,isitforherselfalone
audiences, activities basedonnatural history and Themoonletsdownherhair?
bushexperiences areconsidered suitableandim-
Theyabbie'sbackisgreentorher,hisclawsareopal-blue,
portantforchildren although it has noteverbeen 1,00kformysoul,thebunyipsays,foritwasajeweltoo.
clearto me whetherornot the activities are con- 1 bellowedwithwoetotheyabbieonce,butallIsaidwasalie,
sidered suitable orimportant foradults. ForI'llcatchthemoon by hersilverhairanddanceheraroundthe
ThestoriesItellarethestoriesthatweretoldto skfc
me by my family and my teachers, mostly the
latter.Therewasthestorymygrandfathertoldme A STUDENTS PERSPECTIVE
ofthe hoop snake, which rolls itself into a hoop
and attains frightening speeds as it rushes down Most ofthe stories I learnt, however, were as
hills; and the poems my motherread tomeabout a student. I learntabout thecockroach,the shark
the mythical Bunyip. Take, for example, this and the toad in studies of vertebrates. The em-
description (Stewart, 1973) of the beast and its phasis was on the evolutionary history of ver-
habitat: tebrates with little attention toAustralian fauna.
In fact little was known about the Australian
Thewaicrclownihcrockywail native vertebrate fauna at that time- Studies of
hexsfailUsstaringstair; invertebrates included more examples of
Thebunyipinthedeepgreenpool Australian animals, as well as field trips to the
Looksupittothe air. seo shore. The invertebrate stories I learnt were
Thekookaburradrank,hesays,thenshriekedatmewithlaughter. those found in such text books as Animals
Idraggedfilmdownioahairyhandandalehisthighbonesafter; without backbones (Buchsbaum, 1951). And
Myheadisbruisedwithtailing(barn,thewaterblindsmyeye Barnes (1980: 1-7):
YetIwillclimbthatwaiei fallandwaituponthesky
Theturpentineandstnngybark. There ua- over a million described specie* ofanimals. Of this
Thedarkredbloodwoodslean number5% possess abackboneandare knownas vertebrates. All
Anddroptheirshadowsinthepool other comprising the greater part of the Animal Kingdom are
Withblueikyinbetween. invertebrates.
DivisionoftheAnimalKingdomintovertebratesandinvertebrates
Abeaslami,thebunyipsays.my Voiceddrowningcow's. isartificialandreflectsahistoricalhumanbiasinfavourofman sown
YetamInotasingingbirdamongstthesewavingboughs? relatives.Onecharacteristicofawholesub-phylumofanimalsisused
traisemyblackanddrippinghead,1cryububblingay, asthebasisfonhcseparationoftheentireAnimalKingdomintotwo
ForIshallclimbthetrunksoftreestowalkuponthesky. groups.Onecouldjustaslogicallydividetheentireanimalkingdom
intomOlIbsfcs ami non-mollusksorarthropods andnon-arthropods.
Goldandredthegumtreesglow TheUtterclassirtcatioo^iifdbesupportedatleastfromthestandpoint
Yellowgleamthelem*;
of numbers, since approximately S5 per cent of all animal*- are
Thebunyipinthecrimsonpool
arthfQpodfffr...
Believesthewaterburns.
TheAnimal kingdom isgenerally believedInhaveoriginatedin
Iknowtherootsofrocks,hesays.!knowthedoorofhell; Archaeo.Tok DCeapSlungbeforediefirstfossilrecord. Every major
Iatetheblackman'sdaughteronce,Iknowrny faultsfullwell; phylumofanimalshasalleastsomemarinerepresentatives....
Yet.sunsetwalksbetweenthetreesandsucksthewaterdry. Insubsequentchapters the evolutionaryhistories ofth*various
Andwhenthewholeworld'sburntawayI'llwalkuponthesky. phylaareexplored.Theirevolutionaryhistoryisfrequentlyusedasa
ANIMALSTORIES IS7
ham forunderstanding theadaptivediversity within thr phylumor scoopingdie ripeair,grippingwithclawedwings
class, atitseasyquarry,theneshy neglectedfruit,
andtearthroughitsshallowskin, andfeaston iL
Thus,thefirstanimalstoriesI learntwere—over-
whelming the animal stories of science of And what were stories 1 told that aroused the
Linnean classification. And of structure, func- most interest? There was the story of An-
tion, adaptation, reproductive strategies, and teehinus,the marsupialmouse,wherethe males,
relationships. Thecontext in which these stories in one season, mated then died in a collapse of
wereembeddedwasusually anevolutionaryone. all their bodily functions. The females goon to
It wasonly towardstheendofmy undergra—duate rear their young alone (Plowman, 1987).
training thatI learm about anothercontext the Another story of interest was ofspecies ofCol-
ecological one. At university I did not learn any iembola in which males and females lead
storiesaboutalternative systemsofclassification separatelivesnoievenmeetingforreproduction.
(diaflftehroeungthcIullteuarrenst:oDfwtyheesre &latePrlwohwemnanI,li1v9e8d1)i.n Sfeemxailsetthoecmhaalnecdeeuppoosni.tiWnghespnerthmepfaecmkaeltesffionrdtshae
Sometimes, 1 did learn storiesaboutanimals that spermpackage she firstevaluatesit. Iffresh, she
were dangerous to man, useful to man and some c—ollects the package to fertilise her eggs, if not
thatwereeatenbyman.Buteventhisinformation sheeats it (CS1RO, 1991) Anotherstory that
was notoften proffered generatedinterestwasconcernedwithbutterflies
that drank the tears of cows and turtles (Hand.
1991).
ANIMAL STORIES HAVETOLD
I
ANIMALSTORIES
These were the stories I usually told when 1 ANDPOPULARCULTURE
gavepublic talks.Occasionally 1 experimented. 1
asked the audience questions such as, 'What do
you thin—kofwhenyouhearthe word kangarooor What Other stories are there about animals in
koala?' anexploration insymbols. Sometimes thepublicdomain? 1decidedtospendamorning
Ispokeaboutthenaturalhistoryofananimal.For researchingthisquestioninmylocal Bookworld
example, flying foxes. I talked about their ways store.HereIfoundmanybooksthatIwouldclass
andItookflyingfoxestotalksandshowedpeople as natural history publications. Books about ihe
them.Iwouldaskpeople toholdone. 'Overcome landscape of Australia, the plants and animals.
your resistance and feel this animal; feel, listen On the morning I undertook the survey there
andsmell', 1 said. And sometimes 1 reada poem werewelloveronehundredbooksthatfittedthis
thaiseemed to me tobe particularly evocative oi category. Of these, about 27 were concerned
Brisbane. with animals, 'including birds and reptile
Anditwasevocativeandpotentiallydisruptive. one coversaid.
So much so, now 1 rarely read out the poem 'Including birds and reptiles illustrates ho^
(Shapcott. 1969). It is outside the bounds ofem- animals are seen in the popu—lar market place:
piricismandintosubjectiveassociations: another they are usually mammals the warm and
animal and the self. Yet it isa story many know. cuddlies (Van Dyck, 1991). An—d what did my
text book (Barnes, 1980) say? 'One chantc
Stictossesandrumplesaloneonthedoublebod: teristicofawholesub-phylumofanimalsisused
when,damn him,whenwillhiscarcringein as the basis for the separation of the entire
throughtheirgateandetqiieroverthe onek»o*c Animal Kingdom into two groups.'
stone Mostoftheanimalbookswereconcernedwith
toannouncehiscoming?Herlifehasbecomea vertebrates, particularly mammals, and a few
code wereconcerned withboth vertebratesandinver-
ofsound,ameshofreassurances tebrates. Of invertebrate books, the ones that
adnCdhlomciknsu.tSehderwuimlslswihielrisetlhfeswtirlolnagndsilliegnhtc.e,Ntoheuse. madeitontotheshelveswereinthemain:insects
wrong"noise (mostly butterfliesandtoalesserextentbeetles),
ontherigidtendonsofherown unease. arachnids (mostly spiders) and some of the
coclcnieraies. That is, ihc beautiful and the
Andstill shewails,astenselyas -Jie |jsten& tind dangerous.Therewasonly onebookaboutit-
intherank-growingneighbourpawpaw-treeOutside pests of Vegetables and one book about 'In-
amarauding flying-foxcircleand flapandcfting sects../ and in much smaller print 'otli.-t
I8X MEMOIRSOFTHEQUEENSLAND MUSEUM
invertebrates*. tancedhebecomesfromhisanimalorigins J"his
Basically95percentofthefating isinvisiblein reflects another powerful story embedded in
Bookworld If it is invertebrate and visible it is westerncultureandphilosophy,thatisthenotion
generally symbolicofeitherbeauiyandrenewal, of dualism: culture/nature, spirit/body,
or death and dissolution. These are old themes male/fcmalc,good/evil.
whichrunthrough our westerncultural tradition. 'Die bookalsotookthecontributionofscience
Czcchura (1994) noted similar themes in his as given, as though it was natural and had noth-
analysis of public enquiries received at a ingtodowilhculture. Thisisamisleadingstory.
museum. —Scienceisafterallonlyamethodofinvestigation
And what did these books discuss'' Lei me a powerful method, but still an invention of
briefly talk fchGUI Iwo, The living world of men to explain the world. Freud (1951) wrote
animals (Readers Digest, 1971) discussed, ac- lhal there were three major explanations ofthe
cording to the preface, animals in their natural world: animism, religion and science On the
surroundings and (he past, the present and the contributionofsciencetothewayweseeanimals
future of animal life. The emphasis was on the and tothe way weexplain the world. The living
orthodox scientific view ofanimal life. I turned woTrhledosfeacnoinmdalspompaukleasr nbooomekntwiaosn.Australia's
to twochapters; one headed "M.in's place in the
animal World', the other 'Animals in human dangerous animals (Readers Digest, 1987). In
culture'. Both chapters covered only two pages the introduction, it states that:
with illustrations taking up about half of the
space.This is anextractofwhat I found (p. 357): Nokindofcrcalurc possesses agreaterormoteconstant
threat to human welt being than ourseIves...animals have
power nver us nntl offend "ur notiun of mastery. Injuries,
Man'srelationshipwithotherspeciescoversuwiderange;
cnvenomations and infections from supposedly inferior
hecompeteswithmanyforfoodandlivingspace;heexploits
beings excite resentment and even haired. Such Knbtfons
ainngdItiphgrceomye,ssaonnodnshoemteoi;sshhaoeysdtoimoipnaartaessitoetshoernsobrymsehliesctbiovdeyl.ybreed- mOfatne'nsmstir;u.kggaleprtiomistuirvveivfeeainra—woorulrdiinnhhearbiittaendcebyfrmoamnayncmioernet
...that man has changed much of the natural habitats with dangerouscreaturesthanexisttoday.
agriculture and urbanisation but while some animals have
been lost others have benefited from these man made Afterthis warning, this publication goes on ti>
excite readers with stories ofants as hazards in
modification*.
hospitals, where the immobile and helpless are
Manyotheranimalshelpman.. Evenflies. helpbyhrcnk- slowlycarted away by seething ants attracted to
iii(Igdtohwnoudgehadtotihgaatnitshmissawnadsbehesappoplelinniatnegflwoewelrls.before tohfetirwoboEdnigllyifslhuisdiss.teIrtstphaenddalmiungseksneweitdhetehpeisntotrhye
man made his first wobbly steps intothe African Mediterranean when one was grabbed by an
savanna). octopus (tentacles about 75cm in length). Her
Manalsohasanimalenemiesandcompetitorsforfood. sisterwent toheraidandhelped releaseherfrom
Some rnimtaK compete wifh man by ftttrtCKlflg his frod the molluscs grasp. Subsequently, the sisters
supplies and property...No animal species relies entirely on watchedthestory grow in the media. Aftersome
man time the tentacles became 12m in length The
And in 'Animals in human culture' (p. 364): story of the octopus was eventually glossed to
Man'sdependenceon his fellow animalshasalways been carry away tWO beautiful, young, American
colouredbysuchemotionsasfear,reverenceandcuriosityand women to theirdeath. —
these haveoftenfoundexpressioninartandliterature. The book had other—stories. Stories of fear
Theseexpressionshavebeenrecordedincavepaintingsand fear ofdeath perhaps where dissolution and
totemism. the destruction are illustrated with tales of the
As civilisation developed, godfl became less like- animals effectsofspiderand snake venoms.
andmorelikemen.Justasoftenanimalswererepresentedas
thedarksideofcreation.' SOMF OTHER ANIMAL STORIES
My response to this book was apicture ofman
(and 'man' expressively as the masculine)taking Aswellasthesetypeofstories, thereareother
the centre stage with the other animals as lesser animal ones from our culture that are stones
parts of his domain. Man the controller. And, as concerned with morality and 'proper' conduct.
man becomes; more 'civilised', ihc more dis- Fur example, there are stories ol ants as role
ANIMALSTORIES 1R9
models such as, 'Go to the ant thou sluggard'. storiesthatarcscientific stones. And,generally.
Therearesociobiological storiesbasedonanimal theseencapsulatenotionsofcontrolandprogress
behaviour,andapparentlylegitimisedby science, through evolution ami empiricism, with an em-
abouthowmenandwomenshouldconductthem- phasisoncontentratherthanpoeticalform.Also,
selves in human society (e.g. Wilson, 1975; science,—itself, wears a belief that it is outsjde
Gould, 1977;Tiger, 1984). culture another Story.
There are otherstories about brutaland bestial This mix ofstories is a recipe ofalienation, h
animal desires. Mary Midgley (1978) used wol- distances us from other life forms. As I
vesasanexampleofhowparticularanimalshave Australians already live in a domesticated, ur-
a 'folk figure that has been popular with banised world dominated by human artefacts,
philosophers*. She goes on to say (p. 27): the mix enhances our sense ofseparateness and
distance from the non-human
I once read a chatty journalistic book on wolves, which Ifwearetopromoteanotionoftheimportance
described in detail how wolves (rapped »n medieval Prance of species diversity, of a world ncti in organic
uv*i1 to be flayed alive, with v;uiotis ;ip|>;tHing refinements expression, then 1 suggest we need to fashion
"Perhapsthiswasrathercruel"theauthorremarked,"butthen different stones about ourselves and the non-
tqhueitweodlifffiiscuitlsteltfoaacsrkocolnebseealsft:"dTohewowlovredssisnoufancdtnfaltauyraple,oiptlien dhiusmtaanncewoarnldd.doSmtiorniaetsiothna:tsatroerineostwahh—eorutedouuarlico- n1--.
alive?OrtotakeinthefactthattheonlyanimalthatdocsLitis nection with the earth is important important
sortofthingisHomosapiens. Anothercomplaint theauthor both pragmatically and spiritually
made against wolves was their treachery.They wouldcreep We need to live as though our Father's man-
uponpeoplesecretly,hesaidandthenattacksosuddenlythat sions are on earth rather than elsewhere in lime
theirvictimsdidnothavetimetodefendthemselves.Theidea andspace. We needtocare forourselves andfor
thatwolveswouldhujivcittheypivefairwarningnever\Utick the earth with respect. These arc noi new id&tt,
him.Wolvesinfact,havetraditionallybeenblamedforbeing Manypeoplehavesuggestedsimilarreactionsto
carnivores,whichisdoublysurprisingsincemostpeople who the constraints in our western culture (e.g. Mar-
blameddiem normallycji meatUicnisclvi>
tin, 1982).
Thesechangesinscientificculturearcnoteasy
People hide their dark sides in the supposed to achieve. Moreover, even if we do achieve
natures ofotheranimals. them, wc still might be going nowhtu
Wc dn—not act alone. The community id
CONCLUSION
general and public administrators and
—
politicians in particular also have to change,
Wc tell a number of types of stories about They, too, have to acknowledge the importance
animals and these stones serve different func- of the non-human world and integrate this
tions. In western culture, generally, some ofthe respect into their own lives and endeavours.
stores arc about maintaining boundaries, boun- They, too, have ioeschew behaviours thai seek
Lines concerned with dissolution and death, or tocontrol orexploitnatureorradically refashion
.
social boundaries concerned with control and it, Ifthey ate not with us, hiodiversity will con-
order. Othersarestoriesofout control—over narure tinue to be destroyed with terrible losses of
where a—nimals are symbols ofnature raw ;md ecosystems and plant and animal species,
brutal and we humans are representative of Wc are influential. As scientists, we can look
civilisation and the highest spiritual realm. carefully at the stories wc tell, the language wc
There are stories that rationalise the pasl ine- use, and facilitate change, at least in part, by
qualities between men and women and cruelties telling stories that celebrate and respect life and
to other human groups and other animals. There generously andpoetically includeboth factsand
are storiesthat recogniseonlyobjective, rational leelings.
knowledgeandthecontrolofnatural forces.And
storiesthatdenyourdarkand fearfulselves in the Well Til tell you nbout thisstory,
motivesandactionofotheranimals.ThesestOl ies aboutstory where you lecL.taymg di
rcilcct a complex of human responses (most of Tree,grass,star...
which arc probably quite ancient) to, and ex- because starand tree working <aiih you.
planations of, the world or worlds in which wc Wc got bloodpressure
live or have lived as a species bul same thing- spirit on your luxty,
In Australia wc predominantly tell annual hut t working with you,
190 MEMOIRSOFTHEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM
Even nice winde blow...havingsleep... 12: 409.
becausethatspirite withyou. FREUD,S. 1951. Totemand taboo.' (Roulledgeand
Listencarefully this, youcan hearme. Kegan Paul: New York).
I'm tellingyou becauseearthjust like mother GOULD, S.J. 1977. 'Eversince Darwin: Reflections
and fatherorbrotherofyou.Thetreesamething. in natural history.' (W.W.Norton: New York).
Yourbody,mybody I suppose, HAND, S. 1991. A taste fortears. AustralianNatural
I'msameasyou...anyone. History23(11): 826
Treeworkingwhenyousleeping anddream. MARTIN, V. (ed.). 1982. 'Wilderness'. (Findhorn
Press: Findhorn, Scotland).
BillNeidjie(1989: 2-3). MIDGLEY, M. 1978. 'Beast and man: The roots of
human nature.' (Cornell University Press: New
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS York).
NEIDJIE, B. 1989. 'Story about feeling.' (Keith
IthankMargaretSomervilleforherencourage- Taylor,ed.)(MagabalaBook: Broome).
mentandcommentson the MS, andGlen Ingram PLOWMAN, K. 1987. To die so young: another
for his encouragement and for presenting this Australian mystery? Wildlife Australia 24(2):
paperon my behalfto the conference. 22-25.
READERS DIGEST 1971. 'The living world of
LITERATURECITED animals.' (Readers Digest: Sydney).
1987. Australia's dangerous animals.' (Readers
BARNES, R.D. 1980. 'Invertebrate zoology.' (W.B. Digest: Sydney).
SaundersCompany: Philadelphia). SHAPCOTT, T. 1969. Flying-fox. P. 95. In
BUCHSBAUM, R.M. 1951. 'Animals without back- 'Australian poetry, 1969.' (Angus and
bones: An introduction to the invertebrates.' Robertson: Sydney).
(Penguin: London). STEWART,D. 1973.The Bunyip. P.30. In 'Selected
CSIRO 1991. 'The insects of Australia'. (Melbourne poems.' (Angus and Robertson: Sydney)
UniversityPress: Australia). TIGER, L. 1984. 'Men in groups.' 2nd ed. (Marion
CZECinHiUnRveAr,teGb.rVa.tes19?9W4.haIstthtehepuQbuleiecnrselaallnydinMtuerseestuemd VANBDoYveCrKs,: NS.eMw.Y1o9r9k1)..Thestatusofmammals.Pp.
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