Storia universale. La civiltà dei Maya

771 Pages·2004·23.219 MB·Italian

by  Herbert Wilhelmy

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9
STORIUAN IVERSALE
Volu1m0e
© 2004R,C SQ uotidSipaaMn,ii l ano
Edizisopneecp ieairlCl eo rrdieelrel a Sera
pubblsiucl aitcaed nezlGali auL sa.t e&r FziagS lpiaR ,o ma-Bari
Herbert Wilhelmy
La civildeità M aya
Titdoellol 'eodriizgiioWnneaelul tne dU mvederl tM aya
© 198R1.P, i p&eC ro V.e rlMaigi,n chen
© 198G5i,u Lsa.t erFziagS lp&iaR ,o ma-Bari
Traduzione:M aurToo sCtrio ce
Progettgor afiOcuoot:fN owhesrer l
ArtM:a rcPoe nn&i Cs.i
Ricericac onogrMaafniuceFalu:ag enzi
Consulpeerng zal aip parDaatviiD:do em enici
FotocomposizGiornaep:h isesrvrBilac,re i
LeG ranOdpie dree Clo rrdieelreSl ear a
Direttroersep onSstaebfialneo: Folli
RCSQ uotidSipaan i
ViSao lfe2r8i-n2o0 1M2i1l ano
RegistrTarziiboundneiMa illea nnuom e5r3od7 e ll9n104
SedLee gaVlieRa:i zz2o lM-ii lano
Findiits ot ampsaeret:t e2m0b0r4e
ISS1N8 24-4580
GrafViecnaeS tpa-aT rebase(lPeagdhoev a)
Tuttiid irdiittc io pyrisgohntro i servati
LAC IVILDTEÀIM AYA
HE!UHR T WILHELMY
CIVILTÀ DEI
LA MAYA
PRESETANZIONE
diS EALTIAELLAT RISTE*
Poisasmiom mgianarmleitn raev anznaenlfolor aet saf,ac endosi
straadc apo lid im acheltiea eant brreua s atbib,a tatlebnSerido.on u on
manpioldoiri cercaatsosrie tati dNio nna esv ivaesmniotci um,ura ra .
èp orbabcihalebe b isaennopt airtelo a udrnil ibmreroag vliioiPsloo ­,
poVlu h,i n scraiuc ic onctraae zlidaoen le meos nnida orr aleng oe ­
stdae gerloidi i pupono lmoi tcihcaeob itlafavor eats aT.al raic conti
nosnif gunrosa ep aroangaatq iu edlelliml iato ogialg reoca as sira.
De'vsesiet rrasttdaiut noga ar ndcei vimlant oàsn,en ec onoqsucaes i
nulQluaa.n gdlsoipa gnorlaiggiu nrsoqe uetsetrlero en tnaonvneit ,r o­
varocnhuoen ase riep opdiod lisise misnuatlte ir ri-toprreuisnote rie ­
di qduiep lrliacm iav -iclhtaeàv evpaenrols osopl enddoelrioe ar no ­
teantLios. t ePsospoVo ulh ,p orvdaiq upeals sgaltoorf iuor setodt,ao
dau ndoi q ueugolmi ipneeirv ietc ahiresl a pdeergeil lil uasnttrein ati
andapsresdeu to.
Seu nac ivpialrtaiqà u egrlelcaa e sis-pteintsafa onhoLn l oyd
è
StpeheenF ser dericCkat herwmoetonrdae t trsaavnleofaro r setab i-so­
gnas cporiÈrcl oaqn.u estcah iedi udeeeps al orastmioe rit tpoemnrao ­
reea rrivanneol sleaalgg vipae nidseollYluaco a tSaonn.co e rcthriei u­
scainrnaop o reta alrllualc ee citcthnàese smuanymoaas it aitngoar ­
è
dod ito rvea.r
Nevlli lagdgiiCo op alnv eo ccoirr oanloi,m ednant uaotnveoe t izie.
Qualcunolo crrihovge eli lidna ie gndie lrgileoa nceo noslcleoe ngnog­e
dei,r accontmii dteiiq uie agnlit emnialtlie cnoamriel, ai sv sees ero
succchoillaa ttmita et eQrunaol.ac lutndr iocc hece si o neod ifdiiic nie ­
guaagblibileel lsezezpano elltfolirea s tSao.n o ivnocceeir tiee ,sdl puoe­
ratoric paniosncs oecn hloigui i dvau omleet tseurlslltiar adao giusta
sviela alr oarto tenNzoinpoo nses.co ontnoac rhes euq uestem av oci,
*T raduzdiiMo anreg heAlrvietraà .
VIII Presentazione
nosnsi c roagagnios:o naopap ssiodnica itviai nlctthiàse o,n sot ati in
EgittionGr, e ciianM, e dOiroi eeno trase e,n tcohsneoo n soup lu ndtio
scporiqrueca olcshac ea mibeirllào mroo ddoi d eviremelo ndDoop.ov a­
rgii odrnivi a nloao vrdou,r maenptorev adtai'ln ilclemedneztlea m po,
ed opuon sae rideip icfcalomlleiin etcicc,ho ae l' limopvrvriimsaogn o­
noa bgblaaitdiau navi sièou nnae l:t daipr iee tcraoo,rn adtaou na
specdiice o olnnmai nuziosscaomleÈpn dititue an .ab e llezdzaavv ero
incpoamrbailes rpgieio nuan m agnetriasrmoo,m itsuencr hoce er sce
manm ancoh sesi c aevs api o rta alal'nltac iicltadutic Cà eop an.
Ald il àd elslpleond roei,ml o numesnetmobc raot neeni enorfrmazio­
nipe rziiod seegt:ltd iae lslcau lntoupnro aos nseos sseerpmel idceic ora­
zionnoinn; ec opmrednoniosl i gincifamtaos ,i curasmie nttraet ta di
gerloifgiÈcs iu.c cients ustloste ce o pdeerlctlueel e ta unrtil'cn ehgiem:a ,
illi nguias ggieog,dr ice itais pcopuonls roii vneosl taudialnpedi oen­e
tr.Èe s us tdeil ep ciheietml ro an do haanl taiscctoiet asitmoo nianza di
séS.t epheCe antsh erwoosrosvdea ongofn reigi oo,g ndie ttadgelliloa
scultiriultra ra,t dtio un pousotmcooe noa,telh r annlaos enisoanze
choegn pia rtairvceoo glcloiami ucneaq rual.cL oass taeèale n sidois a
svaerliep ropsrie grteqiu anltooro s olnodo ic oncoesrclpaii;s ccohneo
la'rtivsotlelava as cuinatarse et iimaonndzealp lrpaori ac iviltà.
Nonpa ssmaonlogit oirn eid inaanlo zrico o pmarleag r anpdiea z­
zad iC opanp;o ii,np ocpoi ùt rdaein ndio,pa ov eeprsl orattuot ta la
penidseollYluaco a tsrciponor,nl ope ri npcailcii ttà demlaylaa. civiltà
Epuprlede o mancdhseesi o pnoos qtuia nhdaon sncoo pieplrri tmoao l ­
tare asnocnolorse at ecsosmèepe :o tusotgraer uen cai vciolristcìàc a in
mezazu on faor etsatop ricaqleu?a nsdèios vuipplatpae?r ècsh céo m­
parisnma o dcoo msiìts erieos sèiod ovutod earqteu taretosn tecporlii­
ma vdeied rqeu ersvotien pee?r ècch oéss iìm eii lnes iteamndeti ov ersa
dalcliev dielVeltc àc hmioon do?
Sondou remo antictir:a sdcpaoalsrplìeroa sd aiS tephemnaas n,c or
pidùa mii nzuiodsiisn eicg hCea thertwrcoacodidiao gnniu osviot o
scopSeerbbteoni.pel ri msoi nae ywokreseen,t rasmobfniio g dlesilo gno
euorpeod eXIlX secolo: haimnlin tsoe drreo'il ieslssctoeApn nerzutalo.­
laèv alusnso e cdoisl uoep mrazdiealR laagi onleac: o ncluècs hieo ne
lan atuèmr aie srtiocshlaeu', o mlou,'m anistoàni,ol gpriaùnm die­
stedreolc lraaez ioCnè'e,i. nt utilt uigoh ic hhea nnvoi stiout,na' ar­
denftreen esesi tau,d airotsisisc,ti ie,na zcigcaonotolci o enc ciiotniae z
mitsecrhile ci ic rondaLn'Eouo.rpa aèffa scidnaat tuatc ticoòh è em i-
Preenstazione
IX
sterisopise or,m deiste tnet pirriem a adnipce nosraaear mem,e cthtee
la'vvendteu'loraulm coo nsnieslstlpieoe gqaureems itsitc eolrni'i n telli­
gnezam,as optrtauctotinocl u oerl eee m ozioni.
Pardaossatlelmi,'em nmaginsaezrivloionprreeào cr r euanrn eu ovo
passBaitsoo.egn sas remoraen tdiicmie,an rtleefi alcsceh iianvptire er­
tatcihvese e icdloe lLiou mcii fornhai ttoa:n ltago ar ndezdzealr vleo i­
nem aya, iqlluo airnnotgn oabe imluet issmtoa,nla nìd o i mtorsaqruee ­
staos sunto. dSiao vnertoo r vacuetnrom t itise rirvoe olraoetl,t crhee
uncai viltà.
Ancorogag qiu,a nidvloai gg itaosraepl eeir pl e ndcihcoeo ndaulc­e
lac itstaàcd riTa u lu-mp efrar eu ne speimsoo lt-a,rn itmoa inne­
cantaaltcloho sérpu,er taau npai ccaolltaus racg,oel r as aogmad el ca­
steclhslesio t agilni ac iumnasa c oag sluimelar drae Cia aribAivv.e r­
tuen b rivniedlo vqeudeepsriteca cp oilraa merigdiese rop srla' ozrizon­
teec, o mqeu remoia nteiucriop ecih,i cesodimse ei p ao ssciobniptlleeeam r
tanbteala l.Ce hzcezo cseacr avaiMn aoya quahnadnocn oos ittqrouu e­
stcai ptortpà risou 'lolrdliuo np rpeicizuinoca,i tcthsàee mbsirfdaa re
imla er ec otanelm ppaog galruin t briu?tI olP opoVulh r ceit«aA:b ­
biavniofte lai ccoel cohrteosi o steenc ghpoeorn vov edato enC,ou odreel
Ciealt oeC,,u oedr elTlerar aat ,e s,i mlaucdreol las tAMàt a.eeT ,oh il;
at eA,v ilati exH,;ac avviotlzdt;eca li esluopfi,ec rdieel tlearri aq ,u at­
traon goiql iu,a tpturncota diri naClhive.is isao plaoc ee nei tsàer al
tucoo spientt tupoar, ee nszoad ,oi ».
Comneo rni maecn oernqudiasmlti asttieri inocsadoniq t uoe cset­a
lezbirao?Cn oemneo ens srepariedt iin aanlezlvi'i dcehnezc ai ltsata à­
crdaiT ulumèl ar aprpeesntazfiisoidnceeal la dvionvla?ioS neit là
mondloac asdael lo Drioos ,i mlaucdreolS luaMa a etsàe,s csois trui­
è
rnanpoi ramcihsdeii a inmloo ndsot esso.
Negli orndoe' lqeluindoizp iriom arvaèe p ossviebdiellarel eu nga
ombdrai u ns eprenstcee rnedd aelslcaa lidnecalat sat deiCl hlioc hén
Itaz,d ediaclad tiKoou uklcÈa nu.n osep ttaicmopslrsoei oen:ia nn t
quell'siaisv tvaelnrapttr eeee nszdae ldliav iÈnu inta àr.t iafirccihoi ­
tetctoalntac o o pmlicdeiltllàua dc eesl o eld ee ll'doemlfbolrraaet sal:o
spiu còo ncoeosri en itrumea,n on si speuinòrut enbn roinv diied moo ­
zio,ln ose tecshssepoi or vnae 'lelsisneirzeai aumtnii s tero.
Pecrhgéla in tiMcayhavi o levveadnleo' r oem bdrellaoo dr iionq ue­
stgoi oprnaor tairdceeo 'llnaln?oQ uamliis treacrich iudlealv oacr oo­
noscdeen'lzsalato rnompieiarn duacr loilie gaagrdllei?ai mitsedreol -
Il
Presentazione
x
lo'mbdriam coel dteosl a pderiue np poolcohc eih ap ermedsics oon ­
tempulna res isepmtitlea colo.
Il noisntctrorconoo lna c ultmuaryaas tadtoom indaat'loil m ­
è
porntrmaoa ntcihcneaeh aa ccomnpaatlgoas copnee1rl8ta3 9ef, i no
ado ggis tamtoold tfifoi cile sepNaerclao rrcseons etd.oel rlosilep aat ­
è
taotr-ec he snioiarinl c cearetd oipror efsiso-nhea p rigivaitleioml i ­
setrcoh leac ultmuaryriaas veignll iupaii ,cù h leap ossidbisi cloi­tà
primleev erPiotetàmr.m aod diritect huiern,aa mdbiiportpoo lcair e,
sii mpneagptiiù m aatn eenv erivl'no ei gmdai quceuslttcauhr aea
è
chairirlo.
M anm ancoha ev anzniealcmlooan osdceellnlozsaroat o-riuan' im­
presna ulplfaeac ri dlea,tla as csairdtidà o cutmaien nopie ruvte(inn on
bisodginmae anrtceih mceo lftonets io nsot adties tdraumiti tses ionari
spagonlqiu adnon,e l secaorrilvoa,r coonPnoe ddreAo vl arandeol ­
XVI
lap enidseolYlluaco a tpaecnro nqtuaireslda n egevlaizz-aesr cilh ai)a ­
ricsonion cle otges,nog ironoi optserstaiv aangcthine o fnan ncoh aepi r­
recr epieM :a yaf urnoov isidtaea xtttiree arrstrarggii;u enruson l ivello
dic onosscceineznatt aifdliaec dade edrceiii mmaorlssiti;r fe arisornsou
una ltprioa nEea tlaft.anr te astieoosArebi bei.pa ermefori tcoo nrsveare
lsou garrdmooa ntdiiqc uoe i pprliomrida itCe oopsrain , asncpzoriic­hé
rree almecnhcteoe s sat altaca i vmialytcaào, m reagi gunusne così al­
è
tgor addiso v ileuq ppuoaf lui el dsseutoifi nnoa le.
Ilt erritmoaryifaoua bitdaaut noda e lploep oiloapnziinù u mreose
demlo nd-coi rdciaem ciil idoian bii t-aenp,te qiru annteso ap pia­
moi,M ayav ivevianpn aoce ce o sna lrdeeleg odcio nvivCeonmzea .
scrfiovhenS .T hompson«1si,e icaennnttiro a sfrcaol racs oien srvio­
E.
ned e'lilmpteorrrmoaea nCoo tsant(icni3or0 cd0aC. ). leam ordtiAe ­l
fredioGl r nad(ec cia9r 0d0C. .f)ur nood i oscuripteàlr 'E eu ­sangue
rpoa.A mIenri cian,v eqcueel,sa tsods ito e mfpuio l lumdian'lasalcteo­
sad elcliav mialytaaàl ivienlsslpeoit it»a.t
IM ayac onoscceovpnar neiocoi nisme o vimdeengatlsiit irin,v en­
taruonnco a lendcahrseio or prpeerln asd uepa erf ezioena ev evuannao
poprensiaognlseit uddetilu titnou sturalealc eu leta unrtiDcalhlea.
conosdceelnlzasa t osrpiio as stornaoir nrgsenae mepnrtfoii cpueir:­
loro
chaél lionrtsaei trsaen ntecolo sgteririnlnti e osriter aavnatdgiam,lo -
S.T hompsTohne,Ri sea ndF alolfM ayCai vzialtiiUonni,rv seioftO yk lahoma
1
Press],N E.o rma1n69 6( traidtL..a c iviltEài nMaauTydoairi,n, 1o 79 0).
Prseentazione XI
mencthole ar a elcthàae p aprdei naaninz ois otcrcpihu ieò s smeorlet o
piaùpp aisosnante?
Ill ibdriHoe r beWrihtlle meyv iftraal ,ae l etc rosleat, e nitoadnzeel
mitsertou;t tsaevniezala,i mi'nnegaimrame a ylma ap erndencdoom/eo
puntpoa rdtie nnecz hai,a mriestciec olloass atmoeeri nsaiet e getr Èi .
unt esttaonp tuonu talqeu anatvov itneci,enc n uniu lèll aac siaatlo
casPore.n dleme o sdsaels ltou ddeilogle aof girdaae Mia yap earn laiz­
zarcea raltet edreilslltoacir ucoulh rteac ,o mcepi o ssirpaapmoor taadr e
essianc, hm eo dloa' bbicaomnoo secq iuuaetlarain le os ufeor mdepi r o­
duziLoan ep.da ertdeia clal tiganu aggdieols lteeè l sedt ira ordinario
inrteesisllee :te ht aol' r imspsriedoidn eeirc faeur nl iunagggeisoto erico,
dic opmrednenreo sno lboe llladez ezlpaleit ermea,a nclhale o rargooi n
de'ssere.
Lav erimtaày caiv ierniev eilna tmuaon d coh cepi e rmdeit tien ­
tiurqeu anvtaoge hi en ustiiallnimeo i steirniteoestreap zrcihoseno in o
cotnraardio egn fiorm a dira gionevoNletezlez sat.Wo i lmdhyiei llle t­
tocroen coeslrasà t olr' ienaco,om ilefa on,t eli as tessao ncimoaasy mao,g
ancshpeero babilimmlie tsnetpreiog ù ar ndceo sèt idtamuloi dtaoop, ­
parteenmterenpe entiinnc oul,iac ivmielstoàa mesriiècd ainsas olta.
Sembqrau acshiles o pl enedd oerlla mcayuals ticuaor map aurngs ioo r­
no 'ailmolpvrvicsoomp,ee i rn coa,enc the snteelmslosodo so e,c dool­i
pos,i sac poamrsQou.e shtapo o rtifa antaot deilcm iit seraod iecr he
qualc-uunnvo i cghoiu,nn m issiooun naa riloi -esnioea n traitno
contcaotuntn po o ppolriom iteig lvaiob ,bc ioaen riftipolr porsiaop ere,
dancdoovs iìat q au egsartnad cei viClè'st tàa.ct oams,edi i icneM e s­
sicuon,a« manneor nae»l clraei aozndeel lnad egzmrzaayaa .
HerebrWti hleyln monri ugfgnee ssduinq au easgrtoem entazioni:
peqru ansttora vaangtesiss iea lneo ,a ncaolunin zalzg oai ciam pla­
cabeis lueg geirinsptcreeer itoanczerid ibMiollfiton.et sio nsot adtie­
sttreue,pt esrco gilileeir nec ogcnhlieost teu ddeiMioa yap reenstsai
può pasrotdliaoir opet eOsgniu.n dai q uessetmeb srap ieagnacreh e
quansttaoac cadaen nodoioggi ef inipsefcrare c cio mpreinsldi e­re
gnificpaortofon ddoec io ncdeidt etcia dbeanrzbaa,mri gier,ia ozne.
Terminaltala e ttduiqra u esltioob,c r is is enctoemS etp eheen s
Catherdwfiroo notdae l la prdiaml ao srscoto peerlcteoa ms:eel ac ul­
turam ayav ogdliiraqc uia lccoosmaiu,cn arci ufonnad amveenrittàa ­
Insommpao,s sfiorasmceoo nivrecenh lee'e rdiptiàgrùa ndlea csia­
le.
tadcaiml o ndmoa yèal ap assiolnarie c eprdeceral la verità.
INDICDEE LV OLUME
Premessa 3
I. Unag rancdiev idlebtlaà s soptiraonpoi cale
11
Ilte rriattoutraileoe quesltloord iecMioa yap,.1 1
l.
2.Ra pporttriaa l topeib aansos oppi.a1n 4o ,
3.IM aydae bla ssopeig alOniol mecph.1i ,6
4.P etéeYn u cat<ipn.2, 1
5.Fa sdiis i vlupepl oo rdoa tiaoznpe.2, 2
6. Iula glgidineogl sltee pl.2e 6,
7.D iegdoeL andiarl,o gdoe cio dielc ias ugai ustificazio­
nep,.3 1
8.D ecfairzioenc eo ntenduettioe s gteir oglpi.3f 5i ci,
9.Il ibCrhii lBaaml aem Piolp oVulh ,p .4 1
10L.ar iscrotpdaee lrloenv eim ayap,.4 3
11L.'n idagimnoed ersnuaMi a yap,.4 8
12L.a d atazimoayneaei l sicsrtoenmoail cocogr istiano,
p.5 6
13.A sceesc ar olpl.5o 7,
14I.n vsaiodneeTi o lteecr hiin ascimmaeynapt,.6o 3
15V.i tsap irietc uoanlcee zdieomlno en ddoe Mia yap,.7 1
II.I plr oblgeemoag radfeiMica oy a 77
IIIIm. o lteplicdie tlae srpreitttoir io 83
Vareitdàif orme udniar egione tcrpaoircsaipcl.8ae 3 ,
l.
Icla rnsuod doe lsluap erofriicgiiesn eatrtiean tpr.i8o 4nI-all e,
cardsool indieclYoluc oa tsaent tentpri.8o 7-n Galslite a,id nii ­
ziadleil cacruspoo pla.a9 8,- Icla rasc ou podleal rleag ione
Puupc.,9 9-Icla rscoo nado e Ple tépn.1, 0 -4Led ivefrorsmee