Storia delle relazioni internazionali: dal 1918 ai giorni nostri

1514 Pages·2011·69.66 MB·Italian

by  Ennio Di Nolfo

Ennio DiN olfo
Storia
delrleel aziinotneir nazionali
Dall9a1i8gi ornnois tri
Libreremo
Cosèl ibreremo?
Conv ariree altpoàli tihce autorganizdziat tuet t'It(acloeiltalitv i
universicteanrtisr,oi c iael ail tgrruip pip oliitic)a bbiamfoa ttnoo stro
e portaatvoa nutnip ercordsilo o ttpae rl 'accesscoo naolslcee nez e
allfao rmazion1e1p. r ogettcoo nsistenvelac ondividere ratmiteun
sito (chea ttualmeèn otffei inuen)g ran numdeirt oe sutnii versei tari
tesptoili itci( dciu ailc unira ri).D urantqeu estain naib biamaod ottato
variael trfeo rmdei c ondivisidoaniCe D:r egalaaltlime a triccoolnei
libdreilp rimoa nnoin pdfa,e mulee a it orrent.
Abbiamsoc eldtiom etteirneco ndivisnieo propriil oi bdriti e stpeor chè
ip rimaid e sserceo lpidatlic ontrodlellolc au ltudraap artdei S IAE,
governeo multinaziosnonaoll ia,g ranp artdee glis tudencthie ,
considegrlaaitl it cio stcìh eh annoa ttualmeinl tieb rnio,np ossono
affrontasrpee se eccessive,g icàao sftarirec etot nitc io na ffitteil evati,
mancandzias truttcuarree,n dzias ervei bzoir sdeis tudieoc,c. ..
Ma LIBREREMO nuonns eèm plice "sedridv iisztiroi"b ugzriaotnuei ta
dit esutnii versiEt'sa ìur in!af ormdai p rotesctoan triolc arloi bmrai
anchce ontrloer estritlteigvgseiu id iridtipt riop rietài ntelletat uale,
favodree lllai becriar colazdieolnlceau ltura.
ld iridtipt rio priienttàe llet(tcuhaseli ea nbor eveot ctoip yrigshotn)o
da sempre· e ospratutto oggi- grosse fdoin ptrio tfito per
multinazionael igr andig ruppeic onomicchie,p urd it utelairl eor o
guadagsnoin od isposat pi rivatizlzeia dreeee taglifauroer dia lla
cultuer ad allsvoi lpupo las tragramnadgeg ioradnezlal pee rsone.
Inoltirmep edilr'ea cceasiss aop erreip,ri mere cio ntencuutlit udraall i
caratteemraen cipateo rpiroo porsroel oc ontenuitnio flensoi dvii'
intrattenimseonntodo a s empriem ezzid elc apiatel perg aranitrsiu n
contromlalsos icscuilocl le asssoic isaulbia lterne.
Proprpieor r eagiar tea lsei tuazisoennez,a satda arsep ettnaruel la
libreremo
dall'ailntvoi,t itaumtoat fia rc ircolialpr ieùp ossibiil lieb Irlip .ro getto
portaled i libero
accessaol lac u.ltura prsoegues olog raiez alllai beinrizaai tviad ic olleivtiet d is ingionldii vidui,
è indipenddeanq tuea lunqoureg anizzazionèe a, s conpoond il ucro
(èt utgtroa teic sh)i unqpuueòp arteciLpIaBrReE:R EèMu On p rogetptool itico·cauulttougreasltei to.
AttenziMoannee!g gicaornec autela
E'e vdiente chei m anuaulnii verssiotnaosr cir iet sttia mpadtaic olorchoe p iùd it utvtoig liono
mantenelrose t atquuso ( veadpip rofondimseucn atsoee d itreia cuit osruicl d )L.o ntadnaipl e nsare
chei lc ontenudtioq uestsii au tliea llac omprnesoine dellree aldii namicchhee m uovono
l'econoem liaap olitica istivtipu rzoipoonnailaem,o alccurniit ritecelisa ttaiil vlmiea teriine
questioen eca o nsultsaurnle o strbol olga s eziodniee bookr esistsecnatribi iclai
gratuiatmente.
Comea verie li(bi.rnpi d fe) come
parteciaplap rreo getto
Comeg iaàc cennanteol, corso deimg eltio dain ni
dic ondivissioonnoed iventmaotlit epliilpc iiù:
sempli(cael mepneo rc hsit udai Nao volèiq )u ello
dip assairneC ollettdiuvroa ntleas ettimaan a
ritiriaClrD e( nonc hiedianmèfi or men,è s oldniè,
numerdii t elefoncoit) r:o vsii curameqnutiie l
lunepdoìm eriggmiao s,p essaon chgel ail tgriio rni
c'qèu alcucnhoes tudia/chiacchiera/discute.
Altmreit odi seomnuol eed i t orrePnetr.c hiu sa
emulbea stcae rcairt ei todleiil ibnreil lbaa rrdai
ricercPae.r s carictarraem itteo rrenitn vece
consiglidaimc oe rcasrue u n motordei r icerca
"libreremotcoorlrpeoanlgt g"i ungeintldi ot odleoll ibro.
Perc hin onè pratidceoit orrelnapt r oceduèr laas eguenpteer:p rimcao ssai d eve
instalslualcr oe mputeurnc lietnotr re(nptr ogramcmhae p ermetdtiec ondividere
torrecnotm, ef .JtorrBeinttt,o rrVeunztee, c c.).
Pois ic ercsau i nternietlto rrentfi ldece hle c ii nterecssisa o:n os tii faaptptois tcahe
loir dinapneorc ategocroimee ade sempihot tp://forum.tntvillage.scambioetico.org
http/:k/a t .p h. proxyp.i ratpeanr tinj1 ./
Altrimesnipt uiòp rovaar cee rcasrueu n
motored i ricericlat itoldoe lfi le
aggiungelnapd aor o"ltao rre(nntec"la so
dei libri aggiungiamoa nche
"libreremocoUlnpaov lo"l)tt.ar ova(teo
scaricaitlofi )l e torrent, aprendolo
dovrebbe avivlpi raorgsria mmdaip rima.
Bastdaa rle' oeki niziiedlr oàw nload.
Perchtèa ntsep iegazioni?
Comeg ià detto Lisbibr aesraes muol la
partecipadziit ountetI iln. o strion vièt o
queldliol asciiafi rleei nc ondiviscioosnìe
chei lp rogetvtaod aa vantail,t rimenti
presitl oi bsrair aninnot rovabili.
DIFFONDI I LIBRI
DIFENDIL A CULTURA!

Introduzione
Primdae ll«aG rangduee rr1a9»4 1-i1ls8 is teimnat ernazeiroan ale
caratterdiazldz oamtion eiuor opdeaol,l 'egedmeoisn iisat iemm­i
peridaalplir ,o fildaerrlsu io lgol obadlide u ep aes(ig lSit aUtnii ti
el aR ussziaar isdtaapl)l ,u raldieslmplooa l itdiipc oat endzaala,lf '­
fioradreel slpei nitset ituzionAl.la'liinzidzzeasilneo tc ioXXI.l o tut­
toq uesatpop acroem eu nr emotpoa ssattroa,v odlatd ou eg uerre
mondiead laill a «gfureerdrdaeaa »v vivaetrous noa t ransidzeilo­ne
laq ualseii ntravveadpopneoinc ao ntoTrnuit.t aivflia at cthoeq ue­
stsoc ontarbob irai empdiits oég rapna rtdee sle coXXl oc onsen­
'
ted id arael lrai costrusztioordnieeclavl iati an ternazdiiqo unea­le
stpoe rioudnoac ompatteew z1zo'am ogenepirtiàmi am possibili.
Propodrist ir accuinad ries corrisgou ardlaern etlea ziinotneir ­
nazionnaesllei c oXXl os igniifnia csat,r aptrtoop,o urnsc io mpito
senzcao nfionviv,e rriog uardtauntgttleiai s pedtetlivl iat sao ciale.
È diventoagtgooiv vicoi còh es inaoq ualcdheec ennfiaso e mbra­
vau naf orzatvuorlaud taap ochsit udinoosnvi i:s onaos pedtetlil a
vitsao cicahlese f uggaalnoli en fluenoz eal laez ioinnit ernazionali:
econompioal,i tdiicrai,ct otmom,e rctiuor,i semdou,c azicounlet,u ­
ras,p orttu,tq tuie seti in,f ianlittcrihi en onè i cla sdoie nwnerare,
sonioc ampaiiq uaclhivi o leesssaeu rli'raen adleirlse it icionltoe r­
nazionaldiosvtriecbdobe ed icaPresrci h.i areez pzearr agiodnii
competennzeac essoapreiroau rneas celcthaed evdei rigveerrs­i
è
sou nod egalsip edtotmii nadnitt ia lceo mplesls'iatsàp,pe otltiot i­
n
co. quadrcoh eq uesvtool wnseip ropodniec omporrrieg uarda
prevalentleasm teonrtpieoa l itdieclrale el aziinotneir nazsicoenla­li:
tac onsapedviao ulteo limitaczhieno onnee s cluldace o nsiderazio-
Introondeu zi
VIII
ned egallitt reimm ia l au tilaiifinz izd ae lcloas trudziiu ondn ie­
scorpsool itico.
È opportcuhnioa arnicrhceeh ei,nq uesstead ietl,e rm«ipnoe­
litincoonv» i eunsea ctoom sei nonoic moom aem pliamdeentlte or ­
min«ed iplomaUtniavc ool»pt.ra o,b abilsmienanolt rleia v oluzione
francee,is nme o lctais sii,na ol plrai mgau ermroan diearlpaeo ,s si­
billei milt'aarneaa llp irsoifi« ldoi plomactiioacèlo l»',a iznitoenre­
nazioinnaq luea nstvoi lupdpaaldtliaap lom(auzoimaei m neit odi).
Lat rasformdaezlislotanr eu tdteuigr rau pnpaiz iodniar liif eri­
mentiolm;u tamednitr ou odleol dlien asitcli aem;b iamdeenltloa
composiszoicoineaed l eel floar ezcao nomdiecsiai ngpoaleisi il;
mutamednetsioi stseomciie ap loil i�teigcuidi,at lotl raa sformazio­
ned epir ocedsescii siotnearhlnaiin npor ivlaa«t doi plomdaezli a»
m
monopodleilorl eel aziinotneir nazCiioòsn iaglniic.fh ielc apa r o­
pensiaoe nsea uarlilr'ei ndteelrln'oad titpilvoimtlaà't aincdaael li­si
lav iptoal iitnitcear nazsieeo rnvaae lreo,s imiflomnednpatetegra l i
inidzeil lc'oenttàe mpoèrd ainveeanm,ue tnaeo s auriceoilnn tmeu ­
tardeet ie m.pS iit ratitnqa u,e sctaos doiu, n t emcah hea i nfluen­
zatiold ibatmteittood olsoulgc iacroa tdteelrsleta o rdiealr leel a­
zioinnit ernazisounsacliitc,ar nidtoeir cihsee ntsipmeesnmstaoirl i ­
posti.
Lec ritaic cehreat neg usdteilselt ao driipal omtartaidciaz ionale
appaifoonnod qautaen sdrioi tiaennceop roas sicboinlsei doegr­are
giq uesmtoid edlliir icostrcuozmieeos nper edsist iuvtiit lpo r o­
cespsool itdiecclao m biamienntteor nazaipopnaailpoern;io dv ie
fondameqnutaon idp or ocepsosliis toincoi quealnlciire gédnz"e ­ll'
meB.i soganggai uncghenero enm ancainc oa siinc ulias emplicità
geometdreilcrlaia c ostrpuuzriaomnedeni tpel omautniasc eam,p li­
citsài nondiimc oh iaree,sz pzeas pseocr,o nsegudeisn eznas,a zio­
ned 'avceorli tp or ocersesadile ilv liati an ternazisopnianfltueao, ­
rid amla rgidneelc lrae dibpilirtoàp rdiaol l'affdoelllnlauero svie
evidemnottii vanzoinod niip lomadteipicr hoec eisnstie rnazionali,
hac eduitploa sas o divemrosdood ia ffrontitaler meca o nu n
W1.
progestetmop lifiimlco adnoct reo:n olocghisecu og,g erdiius scae­
rec omcer itoerrdiion adteolrrlieac ostrluasz eiqouneein nzdai cata
dals ussegdueigarlcsici a dinmeetlne tmip o.
Maa nchseel 'oridnidniec daastluo s segdueilcrlosesin e e tle m­
pon onp uòe ssesrter avpoolitcoih,plé o stneornpz" uuòss p iegila re
prz"ruessi,tfl aa tcthole ' adozdiemolen teo cdroo nolpoogristcoao-
Inturzooinde
IX
loa m ettienrsei ceamtea ldoieg vhein qtuia sseim pcroel ledgaalt i
lorsou ssegmuain rosndi au, n al orcoo mposiazlilo'niend tiue nrn o
n
quadprroo blemcahtleiri ce on dcao mprensicbriiltice.rr oinoo ­
logincoonè ,i nfautntc ir,i teesrpiloi cativo.
Vicevceorsstar uunid ries cocrosmop renssiibginli«efii scoal are
probleem,ii nq» u,e sctaos por,o bldeism tio proilai dteilcrlaee l a­
zioinnit ernaziCoiinòma ploisn.ae c rdiifc iocmip let(enzodzniaa c ­
curatemzazc ao)n,s edniit ned ivitdeumeaimr eer gefnatdsiei,l l loa­
roe voluzsivoonlnete,lel o rmoo do propoprrsoib,l ienmsio,m ­
di
mas,e nlz'ao neera osssoi lrliacnoatrlesml oia n uczrioan olDoegli ca.
restionq, u esatmob itaon,c hlees equecnrzoen olosgiai rcrhiec ­
chiscdoisn eon esv oa lore.
Seguiip rreo blneemllio reov olvseirgen isfeigculaio sr vei lup­
pod erla ppofrrtdaoa teis te(runnsiae rmioel tepdlivi acrei aeb ili)
aziounmia noe i stituz(iuonvnaaa rliia mbuilltei direCziiòo nale).
spiepgear cihnéu ,n ar icostrpurzoibolneem iat teimcdiaif , o ndo
prevalsguasini on gaoclcia dimcehnent eic ,o stitUliesm coo­no
mentaenseeem plifiQcuaezsritioien nit.ir nqa uneoel l liiil lumina­
noU.n a ccorodu ont ratetsaptroi muonmn oom endtioc ristalliz­
zazidoinu en ar eailntm ào vimeÈnt iom.p ortcaanptiietr eer mini
diq uesrteaa leèt eàr cdairi en tencdoemrqeeu edle termianca­to
cord(ooa ccadimteenntdtoifi) i ssianmr alnai era ssetnaozbvai­ le,
viamernitues cmiarf vòirn,e nudnoas ordtiafi ltcrhoei llumlion a
stadteopl r oblienmc ao nsiderazione.
Comeo gndii scosrtsoor ainccohq,eu elslvoi lupnpealptlaoeg i­
nec hsee guoinmop osnaec railfdlieacVa ie riMtaàè .,q uesutnaa,
decah seo liont ermmiintio lopguiòec sis ecroen sidLearv aetrai.t à
storèis coalc oo eresnozgag ettpiavsas.ac thoeo, g naiu tovroer ­
li
rebboen arroar riec ostors upiireego ac raep ièru en,at ramiar ri­
petidbiie lvee ncthise t imollaas nusoae nsibciullittueàrp aollei ti­
caO.c corirgleu sdtior idsaern asllota r amnao,nl 'illduisr ieo­ne
cuperalrnate o talità.
Cipòr esupspcoeneleo t reg anizzdaitz eimoaint et oarni on ter­
pretazpioolniitL' iAcuhteo.nr oenc recdheee s issotlauo n as piega­
ziodneefi , adteptlai s snaétc or ecdheue n as oldao ttrsienraavd ai ­
sporslcii entifi.cQ aumeesnsttpaee radnivz ea rietc ào mpletezza,
cheq uvii ecnoen sciaambebnatned oanpaptaar,t aidae lntetr eim ­
piM.o lcteir cardoisn ood discfoandr ilsac cohrdese is ssepreos so­
rec oncrreitsop aeltaltseot ratdteedlzi zsec oprosloi tUincado e.l le
Intrzooindeu
x
metodolpoigùai tet rapeanrtvqieu eldliam ,e diaitsap irazione
marxisavnial,u pdpaPa itearR reen oucvoimnde o ttrdienl«alf eo r­
zep rofoncdieoc»èo, m rei cedreclal 'inftrrlaeac c rcoinoap coali ti­
cae alcusnvii lusptpriu tt(udreamloig rcaofimam,e rocpii,n ione
pubbliOcraan) e.s supnuoòn egacrhees otltapo o listiia cgai tino
lem assine u:m edreil dleam ogrlaerfi ias;o dreslpelr ao duzdieoin e,
commeerd ceil filnea nizn eu:m edreil l'ecognleoism eiralc;emi at­i,
rinleea, v iazlieto ensit,ma itses iliins utmiecmrhiiel :i tEa mrein.o
ancoorgag,èi p ,o ssinbeiglaierpl ee sdoe ll'oppiunbibolngieic aac,­
chuén od emiu tamepnitpùir ofoanvdvie nduutria inslte ec oèli ol
passadgegliplooa l i-tein coans olqou elilnat ernaz-idoanlall'ee tà
deléllei ntoenr esponsaaq buielldliea lé llei rtees ponsoa cboi­li,
munquceo str-entetleelpeo cohn ee pia essoit dtiot tatamu arna­-
teneircleo nsensom adsesDleel.me o cratizdzeapizr ioocnedese s­i
cisioenm aalnii poladzeiloolnpeei nidoimn ais sa divdeuneg ono
moddii e ssesrpee cudliWa 1rf ie i1omseonliools : o rgdeirun e' età
nella gqliuina dliev diidvuein gsoongog cehtceth ii eddoicn oon ta­
rea,n chqeu ansdiod àl orsoo ltanto dli'c iolnltuaGsrlieuio.o n ­e
minpio lidteisici is tdeemmio crea,nt oincm ie ndoi l orqou,e clhlei
reggoisn ios taeumtio rniotnsa ornipo i sùo nleil floar mazdieoln e
procedsescoi siEosnssaiol nego.u ardcaotnis,i gcloinattrioa,lp l­ati,
provaatmmii,r iadtoil,a ctrriattiioc,da itaditam,i a ssceh en ona c­
cettpaindùoi s entli'rosgig ettod epldalesecs iisvioo ni Gploil itiche.
strumdeinq tuie srtaop porto atdea nsdsounmuoen rale o raou to­
nomicah el rie ndsep espsroo tagonistid eilnslvtaoo lrLoiana t.a ri
sequesntzaam cpian,e ma,t erlaedviioms,ui lotniem,e deii apllo i­tà,
terceh eq uesmteiz zdiic omunicazione paeclrqa lu oirscota a­no
pacidtidà i ffondienmr oed oc apilelo agrgieis tantcaicnòhe aeoc ­
cadnee «lv illgalgogbiaoul nep »o,t ere inddiaplenlnaadt eunrtae
demie ssaagffgiid aaist iin gmoelidi,aa ccompalgatn raa sformazio­
ned elvliati an ternazionale.
Map eerv itcahrete u tctiosò ic ompenientw r1i' esposoi zione
tropgpeon eroit crao pdpeon s(ap eers seproes siabu insl oel aou ­
toreea llliam itadteelszluzecea o noscednizvein)ee,nc ee ssario iso­
laruena speets teog uiirm nuet amecnotmide:e rle satvov iienn e
tutltese c iesnizcaeh ,ee s sseip ongacnoom oeb ietltari ivcoe dir ca
«generalizsizcaah zesi ioo cnciu»p diifn eon omoep nrio bldeem­i
terminL'aalttie.r nèai tlri ivsacd hiui no' applibcaanzailomneen te
meccandiisc cah ecmhiei nR enouhvainnn tou ttpaovritaaa troi -
Inotdruoznie
XI
sultcaotsiiìn novaÈt,qi uveis.lt aga e,n edsemilo dos econidqlou a­
leip lr esevnotleuè mi em postLaast coe.dl itu and iscocrosmpoer e­
dominannotnse i gnipfociihc geal ail tarsip estitaitn roa scuErsa­ti.
sia vraninlloo rpoo stcoa spoe cra snoe,l l'ecdoinu onm'ieas posi­
ziocnhehe ai s uolii moibtiie ttivi.
Unas ceclhteap resupapsotnrea ezsipoonanilre i scdhici oon ­
fluenvzear usnoa t rattazione prevalLe'nAtuetmèoe rnet e teorica.
benc onsdciiq ou esrtios cehv iuooc lh iacroinird leo vurtiol iielv o
fatcthoile s uloa vosrcioo llaolcla' indteelrln'oas mtboirtioc o. Nel­
los tuddieopi r oblienmtie rna-zcihoesn oalldoiap ochdie cenni
hannaoc quisutna'teov idteanldzeas a u ggetrriartet aazuitoonnio ­
me,o ves if acceicac ezpieolrnoj e ugse ntcihueam c compalgan ò
formazdieoclno es idd«eCtotnoc eerutroo pveeor»ls aom etdàe l
secoXVlIoI I- nont utètc oh iaresi pteos asnoz,li as, o vrapposi­
ziodneeg ilnit erdeirs iscie trecnaad c er eaurneac erctoan fusione
dic onceCtotmiet. u tibt lio cdcihc io noscsecnizeen t-idfailclhae
fisiaclalc ahi midcaalf,li as ioalloplgaait ao ldoaglila',e calolnao mia
polietciocnao mdiaclall,ea t teraaltslutaro dare ilall eat terdaatlu­ra,
las toproilai atlislccaai ednezlapl oal i-t,ia cnac hgel« is tuidnit er­
nazionsaolnaioff» r onctoantp ir opodsiivteidr asa iu todriiv ersi.
Oves ip rescdiandldi ar iitnttoe rnazicooneavalole nl,aa s cdietlal a
comw1iinttàe rnazionaldeis ocgogmespteotpsiat raan toinu ni­
e.
versal(icsintooièncr ie tdtani o rmien tearlnqleua a ldietslào gget­
tog)l,«i s tuidnit ernazoiffornoamnlaoit »e driii an dagaie nceo no­
misgtiiu,r istsrtait,e ghi, sociologie,p oplsiitcioclio.g i, psicanalisti
Neo ffraonncoh aeg lsit orLiacc io.n tigfurdiait sàc osrtsoore i co
discodrits eoo rpioal ihtaip coar teap toor ttaal oaunr aa cerstoa­
vrappostiezmiaotneile ci an guiMsatl iadc iav.e rdseillt'ài ntenzione
ed elqluaa lsictiàe ndteidifu iecc aam pèbi e ne videanntcehs,eee s­
n
san onv iesneem ppreer ceipnmi otda oc liiarpor.i mcoe rnceal ­
lav arideetciàa slaig eneralizzsaezcioonsndteou, dl iava a rdieeit à
il
casepi u òv aledreslgile en eralipzezcrah ziiaoirncliia r seso i ngolo.
Lad iverdsiii nttàe nzed iiof nuin ziroinmiai nnet aCtotmaei. nt ut­
tel es cienuznpe r,o ftieloor èia ccoc ompagdnaua nta op proccio
sperimeens ttaolrei oger,ca ofimcieon t utltese c ienpzueòa, c ca­
derceh uen od ediu ea spedtiqt uie sctoan oscaebnbzuiana at radi­
zioonu en os pessdoirvee draslol 'la'lutsnrioofa ,r utdtiso c operte
receln'tail,ft rruotd tiuo n a ffatiacnatrisGciio a.c cèhf éa criillee ­
varnee,cl a ssop ecicfoimcleoat , r adizsitoonrei ogpruadrfii cvai,s a