Stored-Product Insect Resource

518 Pages·2009·4.658 MB·English

by  David W. Hagstrum, Bhadriraju Subramanyam

STORED-PRODUCT
INSECT RESOURCE
STORED-PRODUCT
INSECT RESOURCE
David W. Hagstrum
Department of Entomology
Kansas State University
Manhattan
and
Bhadriraju Subramanyam
Department of Grain Science and Industry
Kansas State University
Manhattan
The cover images were used, by permission, as detailed below.
Front Cover: Upper left image, black blow fly, Phormia regina,
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, United States, Bugwood.org;
Upper center image, larder beetle, Dermestes lardarius,
Joseph Berger, United States, Bugwood.org;
Upper right image, coconut borer, Pachymerus nucleorum,
Michael C. Thomas, Florida Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services, United States, Bugwood.org;
Middle left image, Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella,
Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, United States, Bugwood.org;
Middle right image, yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, Clemson University -
USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, United States, Bugwood.org;
Bottom left image, legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, Don Herbison-Evans,
Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, Australia, Bugwood.org;
Bottom center image, flat bark beetle, Silvanus bidentatus,
Gerald J. Lenhard, Louisiana State University, United States, Bugwood.org;
Bottom right image, limabean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella,
Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Hungary, Bugwood.org
Back Cover: Upper left image, Argentine stem weevil, Listronotus bonariensis,
Pests and Diseases Image Library, Australia, Bugwood.org;
Upper right image, redlegged ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes,
Michael C. Thomas, Florida Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services, United States, Bugwood.org;
Middle left image, whitemarked spider beetle, Ptinus fur,
Joseph Berger, United States, Bugwood.org;
Middle right image, granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius,
Pests and Diseases Image Library, Australia, Bugwood.org;
Lower left image, rutherglen bug, Nysius vinitor,
Natasha Wright, Florida Department of Agriculture and
Consumer Services, United States, Bugwood.org

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or company name is intended for explicit description only and
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929014
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-891127-66-3

© 2009 by AACC International, Inc.

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Dedication
The authors dedicate this book to the thousands of en-
tomologists, biologists and others worldwide whose pub-
lished research and records on stored-product insects made
the book possible.
Preface
The initial purpose of our book was to compile a list of pictures for these insects, natural enemies of pests, hosts/
the insect species reported to be associated with stored prey of beneficial insects and sources of biological infor-
products (any commodity of plant or animal origin other mation to characterize the pest or natural enemy status of
than fresh fruit or vegetable and lumber that is stored for an insect species. For a more common stored-product insect
later use) during storage, transportation, processing and species, up to 243 commodities and 39 species of natural
marketing. In the process of compiling the list from more enemies are given. Literature citations are provided for up
than 2,200 publications, we summarized information that to 21 keys per species and 57 biological studies per species.
will help anyone interested in stored-product entomology Literature citations or web addresses with pictures are pro-
identify insects and find relevant information on these spe- vided for many insect species. However, many insect spe-
cies. We hope the biological information from the literature cies cannot be adequately identified to species using only
cited in this book will be the basis for developing insect pictures and selecting the best key is therefore important
pest management programs. This book supplements the for correct insect identification. The range of commodities
textbook Fundamentals of Stored-Product Entomology by infested by each insect species and records of their geo-
Hagstrum and Subramanyam (2006). graphical distribution are provided to help the reader nar-
Many of the stored-product insects have one or more row the number of stored-product insect species that might
synonyms. Without knowledge of the 508 synonyms dis- be expected. The book can also tell the reader where to find
covered while compiling the list in Table 1.1, some infor- information on the biology of a stored-product insect spe-
mation on many species may be overlooked. The keys avail- cies that will be useful in developing a pest management
able for identifying stored-product insects are catalogued so program. Chapter 1 is the longest chapter and Chapters 2
that the best key can be selected. The more than 9,200 pub- through 7 reorganize the information given in Chapter 1.
lished records of insect association with various commodities Chapter 2 provides an alphabetical list of the families
and more than 1,800 published records of their association showing the numbers of species of stored-product insects in
with facilities are summarized for the first time providing in- each of 120 families. There are 259 genera that have more
sight into the range of commodities and facilities infested by than one species, 22 genera that have 10 or more species
a particular insect species. Much of the information on in- and two that have more than 25 species. This is important
sect biology may not have been utilized fully because because the species in the same genus often are most simi-
quickly finding the information needed to solve a problem lar in appearance making them most difficult to distinguish
has been difficult. The biggest problem is finding a litera- using only pictures.
ture citation. Once the reader has a literature citation, many Chapter 3 provides an alphabetical list of the stored-
sources are available to provide a copy of the paper, via li- product insect species separated by each key. This will help
braries, interlibrary loans and commercial online services such the reader find the best key for identifying an insect. With
as Bioone (http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=search- ever increasing international commerce, we are more likely
simple), Ingentaconnect (http://www.ingentaconnect.com/), to have problems with the less common stored-product in-
JSTOR (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3822224), Science Direct sect species. In order to prevent the introduction of these
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/), Springerlink (http://www. less common insect species into a region or country, effec-
springerlink.com/journals/) and many others. tive quarantine and pest management programs may require
Chapter 1 is an alphabetical list by genus of the 1,663 that we can identify all insect species associated with stored
insect species that have been reported in the literature as as- products.
sociated with stored products during storage, transportation, Chapter 4 is an alphabetical list of commodities showing
processing and marketing. Feeding by some insect pest the insect species reported to be associated with each com-
species can actually reduce the amount of commodity that modity. This chapter provides an overview of the number
is available for sale or consumption. Other insect species of insect species associated with each commodity. For ex-
are scavengers or mold feeders that can contaminate stored ample, 218 insect species can infest stored wheat, 256 spe-
products and when found frequently enough or in sufficient cies can infest stored maize, and 505 species can infest at
numbers can be economically important in making a com- least one of the stored cereal grains.
modity unsuitable for sale or consumption. Chapter 1 pro- Chapter 5 is a ranked list of stored-product insect pests
vides extensive information on the commodities or facili- and their natural enemies showing their relative economic
ties infested, the geographical distributions of each insect importance. In summarizing the rankings from three pub-
species, the ranking of their importance as pest or benefi- lished studies, it was clear that the ranking was very de-
cial insects, common names, synonyms, available keys and pendent upon the commodity infested. We extend this
v
vi / Preface
analysis using information from Chapter 1 on number of ing and preserving insects for identification and Chapter 10
keys, number of commodities infested, number of natural provides an overview of additional books and review arti-
enemies, number of hosts/prey attacked and number of bio- cles that are available on stored-product insects. Chapter 11
logical studies for each stored-product insect species. The is an alphabetical list of species providing an index to the
book provides an international overview of the relative im- generic names for each species. This can be important be-
portance of stored-product insect species. cause insect species are listed alphabetically by their genus
Chapter 6 is an alphabetical list of the common names of name in previous chapters. This book summarizes in one
stored-product insects giving the scientific name for each place an extensive database on a surprisingly large number
species. This list is useful in finding the scientific name for of insect species associated with stored products during
a species that is used in Chapter 1 when only the common storage, transportation, processing and marketing. We sin-
name is known. cerely hope that the pest management practitioners use the
Chapter 7 is an alphabetical list of the scientific names Stored-Product Insect Resource to improve the quality and
of the commodities giving the common names for each. reduce the cost of their pest management programs.
This list is useful in finding the common name for a com-
modity that is used in Chapter 1 when only the scientific David W. Hagstrum
name is known. Scientific names are also listed by common Bhadriraju Subramanyam
names.
Chapter 8 has the references cited in Chapters 1 through
7 of the book. Chapter 9 discusses the methods of collect- April 6, 2009
Contents
Chapter 1: Species List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 1.1. Insects and their natural enemies associated with stored products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 1.2. Full addresses for website keys and website pictures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Table 1.3. Archaeological records of stored-product insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Table 1.4. Geographical origins of stored-product insect species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Table 1.5. Ranking of stored-product insect species by number of commodities with which
they have been reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Table 1.6. Additional insect species reported to be associated with stored products or facilities
that have not been included in Table 1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Chapter 2: Species by Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Table 2.1. Stored-product insect species in each family, listed by family (number of species)
(order) and species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Table 2.2. Ranking of families by number of species in each. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Table 2.3. Ranking of genera with more than one species by number of species in each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Chapter 3: Species by Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Table 3.1. Stored-product insect species in Table 1.1 included in each key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Chapter 4: Species by Commodity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Table 4.1. Stored-product insect species and their natural enemies reported in literature
as associated with a commodity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Table 4.2. Ranking of commodities by number of stored-product insect species associated
with each commodity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Table 4.3. Studies on development, fecundity and population growth of stored-product insects
on various commodities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Table 4.4. Ranking of species by number of commodities in Table 4.3 tested for suitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Table 4.5. Summary of reported numbers of stored-product insect species associations
with various types of facilities or habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Chapter 5: Species by Rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Table 5.1. Ranking for each stored-product insect species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Chapter 6: Species by Common Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Table 6.1. Scientific names of stored-product insects and their natural enemies listed
by their common names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Chapter 7: Commodities by Scientific or Common Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Table 7.1. Commodities in Table 1.1 listed by scientific name. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Table 7.2. Commodities in Table 1.1 listed by common name. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Chapter 8: References Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Chapter 9: Preparing Insects for Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Chapter 10: Books and Book Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Chapter 11: Alphabetical List of Species Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Table 11.1. Alphabetical list of current species names in Table 1.1 giving genus name for each. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Table 11.2. Alphabetical list of synonym species names in Table 1.1 giving the genus for each. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

vii
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Chapter 1: Species List
Insects associated with stored products and their natural ily field pests and generally do not reproduce during stor-
enemies are in the orders Coleoptera (Col.), Diptera (Dip.), age but can occur in sufficient numbers to require pest
Hemiptera (Hem.), Homoptera (Hom.), Hymenoptera management during commodity storage (C) and (4) para-
(Hym.), Lepidoptera (Lep.) and Psocoptera (Pso.) (Table sitoids or predators that are natural enemies of stored-prod-
1.1). Hinton (1945) reported that there were 600 species of uct insects (P). The majority of these natural enemies be-
Coleoptera associated with stored products. Halstead (1986) long to the orders Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. However,
revised this to 500 species and Delobel and Tran (1993) in- some species of Coleoptera and Diptera in the families
cluded 416 species of Coleoptera. In the book edited by Carabidae, Cecidomyiidae, Cleridae, Colydiidae, Eumolpi-
Prakash (2003), the authors reported 700 insect species as- dae, Histeridae, Passandridae, Proctotrupidae, Scenopini-
sociated with stored products during storage, transportation, dae, Staphylinidae, Stratiomyidae and Tenebrionidae are
processing and marketing. Hagstrum and Subramanyam also predators. Insect species were only marked as parasi-
(2006) included only 101 of the most common stored- toids or predators in Table 1.1 when they have been ob-
product insect species in their textbook so these publica- served and reported in the literature to be natural enemies.
tions and the current book provided a much broader view of With further research, many more of these species may be
the insect species associated with stored products. found to be predators. Some studies such as those by
Insect scavengers and mold feeders may be found con- Donohoe (1939), Hunter et al. (1973), Redlinger and Davis
taminating stored products. These scavengers and mold (1982), and Salmond (1956) do not indicate that an insect
feeders and insect species feeding directly on stored prod- species infests a particular commodity but only indicate the
ucts or commodities that are found frequently or in suffi- type of facilities or habitat (T) in which a species has been
cient numbers are considered pests. Pests of fresh fruit or found. The “Type, Rank” heading in Table 1.1 includes the
vegetable and lumber have been included in Table 1.1 only category for the type of insect species, and the rank (R) and
when they also have been reported as problems in dried the new rank (NR) from Chapter 5. Some of the species
fruit, root crop, finished wood items or commodities other categorized in this book as S may actually be in the catego-
than fresh fruit or vegetable and lumber. Mathew (1987) ries C or F, but this was not specified in the publications
lists 68 insect species that infest timber stored in India. Re- consulted in compiling the list in Table 1.1. Also, some of
cords in the literature in which insects were only identified the species categorized as T may actually be shown to be in
to genus have not been included in Table 1.1. Although the categories S, C or F as more records of these species
Acarina (mites) are also included in many of the publica- become available.
tions used to compile Table 1.1, species of Acarina have The list in Table 1.1 has been compiled from large sur-
not been included. veys, but also from smaller surveys, from many reports for
By 2009, more than 1,660 insect species have been re- individual species and from research on insect populations
ported to be associated with stored products during storage, during storage, transportation, processing and marketing of
processing, transportation and marketing. The number of commodities. A book edited by Prakash et al. (2003) pro-
insect species in Table 1.1 is larger than the number in- vided information on the stored-product insect species
cluded in previous estimates. This is mainly a result of in- found in different geographical regions of the world. Books
cluding more commodities and larger geographical areas, and papers by Aitken (1975, 1984), Howe and Freeman
but some new stored-product insect species have been re- (1955) and Hurlock (1964) included the stored-product in-
cently described. A total of 160 insect species associated sects found in commodities imported into England. Papers
with stored products have been described since 1950 in- by Haines (1974, 1981) included the stored-product insects
cluding 67 species of natural enemies. Studies show that mainly from tropical countries submitted for identification.
the number of insect species known to be associated with Extensive surveys of stored-product insects have been pub-
stored products generally has been expanded each time a lished by Attia and Kamel (1966) for Egypt, Bousquet
commodity or a geographical area has been examined more (1990, 1991) for Canada, Cornes (1973) for Nigeria,
closely. Davies (1960) for Uganda, Delobel (1992) for cassava in
General categories for the types of stored-product in- Central Africa, Forsyth (1966) for Ghana, Haines and
sects include: (1) insects that are primarily found with Pranata (1982) for Java, Hayhurst (1942) for England,
stored commodities and the facilities or habitats with which Loschiavo and Okumura (1979) for Hawaii, Obr (1978) for
these commodities are associated (S), (2) insects that infest psocids in Czech Republic and Sauphanor et al. (1987) for
commodities in the field prior to harvest and may continue yams in Ivory Coast. Several surveys have been done in
to reproduce during storage (F), (3) insects that are primar- China (Chao et al. 1980, Chen 1985, Chen and Huang
1