Table Of ContentStorage of Cereal Grains and
Their Products
FIFTH EDITION
Edited by
Kurt A. Rosentrater
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,
Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University,
Ames, IA, United States
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To Kari, Emma, and Alec.
List of contributors
Brian D. Adam, Department of Agricultural Economics, Gretchen A. Mosher, Iowa State University, Agricultural
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United and Biosystems Engineering, Ames, IA, United States
States
Thomas W. Phillips, Department of Entomology, Kansas
Frank H. Arthur, USDA-ARS-Center for Grain and State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United
R.H. Proctor, Mycotoxin Prevention & Applied Micro-
States
biologyResearchUnit,NationalCenterforAgricultural
Griffiths G. Atungulu, Department of Food Science, Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States
University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayet-
Kurt A. Rosentrater, Department of Agricultural and
teville, AR, United States
Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames,
Ray Bucklin, Department of Agricultural and Biological IA, United States
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL,
Sammy Sadaka, Department of Biological & Agricultural
United States
Engineering, University of Arkansas Division of Agri-
Mark Casada, USDA Agricultural Research Service, culture, Little Rock, AR, United States
Center for Grain and Animal Health Research,
Deanna S. Scheff, United States Department of Agri-
Manhattan, KS, United States
culture,AgriculturalResearchService,CenterforGrain
Denis Drechsler, G20 Agricultural Market Information and Animal Health Research, Manhattan, KS, United
System (AMIS), Rome, Italy States
Kenneth Hellevang, Department of Agricultural and Bio- Soraya Shafiekhani, Department of Food Science,
systems Engineering, North Dakota State University, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayet-
Fargo, ND, United States teville, AR, United States
Digvir S. Jayas, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, John Sharpe, Federal Grain Inspection Service, Kansas
Canada City, MO, United States
Carol L. Jones, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Rashid A. Suleiman, Department of Food Sciences and
OK, United States Agroprocessing, Sokoine University of Agriculture,
Morogoro, Tanzania
Phil Kenkel, Department of Agricultural Economics,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United Graham Thorpe, Institute for Sustainable Industries and
States Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne,
Australia
Anthony Leali, 4B Components Limited, Morton, IL,
United States T.J. Ward, Mycotoxin Prevention & Applied Micro-
biologyResearchUnit,NationalCenterforAgricultural
John Mack Manis, Maryland Department of Agriculture,
Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United States
Annapolis, MD, United States
Johnny Wheat, 4B Components Limited, Morton, IL,
C.M. Maragos, Mycotoxin Prevention & Applied
United States
Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for
Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, United Gregory D. Williams, Facility Engineering Services,
States Springdale, AR, United States
xvii
Preface to the first edition
StorageofCerealGrainsandTheirProductsisthesecond storage rather than to discuss specific problems presented
in a series of monographs sponsored by the American by individual grains or products. And lastly, as might be
Association of Cereal Chemists. The subject seems espe- expected, since all authorsdand the editorsdare citizens
cially timely; in spite of recent advances in technology, of the United States or Canada, the book gives most
millions of tons of cereals are wasted each year through emphasis to North American investigations and practices.
spoilage of various sorts. Yet hunger is widespread and We are deeply indebted to our authors for the time and
populations increase ever more rapidly. Protection of food labortheygavetothepreparationoftheirchapters,andfor
suppliesthroughsoundstoragepracticesisthusamatterof their patience, forbearance, and cooperation, in dealing
most importance. with the many matters, some important and some trivial,
Eachofthe11chaptersofthebookhasbeenwrittenby that authors and editors are bound to discuss. Circum-
oneormoreexperts.Thechiefaimwastoproduceauseful stances beyond our control made it necessary to find a
treatise by combining comprehensive reviews of the sci- numberofnewauthorswhenabouthalfthebookhadbeen
entificliteraturewithknowledgedrawnfromothersources. written, and as a result, the completion of the work was
In pursuit of that aim, some unevenness among chapters considerably delayed. We are therefore especially grateful
could not be avoided; some aspects of the subject are to those authors who turned manuscripts in early and were
brightlyilluminatedbythelightofscientificknowledge;on later kind enough to bring them up to date and to those
others that light is dim, and we must depend largely on who, coming to their tasks late in the day, made special
practical experience; and elsewhere, even practical experi- efforts to meet our postponed deadlines.
ence is limited, and we grope in semidarkness. In carrying out our part in the preparation of this book,
Thefirst six chaptersdeal with moisture,chemical, and we received much help and valuable advice from the
physical changes with time, microflora, respiration and chairmanoftheMonographCommittee,W.F.Geddes.The
heating, insects, and rodents. Their main purpose is to other members of this committee were C. N. Frey, George
provide the scientific background for a consideration of Garnatz, Majel M. MacMasters, Betty Sullivan, J. A.
storage problems, though all, and especially those on in- Shellenberger, and ourselves. The committee chose the
sects and rodents, do full justice to practical matters also. subject for the book, prepared an outline of its contents,
Thelastfivechapters,bycontrast,deallargelywithareasin selectedauthorsforthevariouschapters,andaskedthemto
which practical experience is the chief source of knowl- contribute.
edge. Two describe grain storage facilities in the country We were particularly fortunate in persuading Kathleen
andatterminalpointsanddiscusstheiroperation;onedeals Webb, who helped with volume I of this series, to under-
with grain drying; and the last two with cereal products takethetechnicaleditingofvolumeIIalso;herpainstaking
themselves, namely, with bulk storage of flour and with work has added immeasurably to the quality of this book.
packaging of various types. EuniceR.Brown,MargaretHilligan,V.G.Martens,andR.
Three further comments may appropriately be made on J.Chealealsogaveusvaluableassistance.Lastly,wepaya
the book as a whole. Firstly, since authors were urged to well-earned tribute to R. J. Tarleton, Managing Editor of
deal fully with their subjects, it was inevitable that some Cereal Chemistry, who undertook the final work of pub-
topics should be discussed in more than one chapter. We lishing the book for the American Association of Cereal
did not attempt to remove all such repetition, since we Chemists.
believed that the reader would prefer to have each chapter
essentiallycompleteinitself.Secondly,whilethetreatment J. A. Anderson
is often both comprehensive and detailed, not all cereals A. W. Alcock
andtheirproductsarefullycovered.Theaimwasprimarily October, 1953
to elucidate and illustrate the main principles governing
xxv
Preface to the fifth edition
I have a distinct memory as a child of watching a con- (scooping out molding soybeans was an especially fun
struction crew build forms, tie rebar, and pourconcrete for chore), fixing augers, and all of the other associated work
a new grain elevator annex at our local co-op. It was necessarytokeepourgrainhandlingandstorageoperation
fascinatingtowatchastructuresuchasthatbeingbuilt(see functional were definitely a character building experience
Fig.1)!AsIbecameolder,Iworkedonmyfamilyfarmand forcertain(Fig.2).InthewordsoftheFFACreed“Iknow
had increasing responsibilities, as did most farm kids, the joys and discomforts of agricultural life and hold an
starting with cleaning barns and hog houses and fetching inbornfondnessforthoseassociationswhich,eveninhours
tools, to tillage, hauling grain, and, eventually, operating ofdiscouragement,Icannotdeny.”Imustgivecredittomy
the combine itself! Harvesting the corn and soybean fields grandparents and parents, without whom I would not have
wastheultimateresponsibilityonthefarm..afterallthatis hadtheseexperiencesandwouldnothavehadsuchadeep
wherewederivedourlivelihood.Ialsorecallcheckingthe appreciation for agriculture and grains.
graindryerinthemiddleofthenighttomakesurethatthe When I attended Iowa State University, I decided to
wetholdingbinhadn’trunemptydifithad,thenthedryer focus on process engineeringdI had a keen interest in
hadtobeshutdown.Loadingtrucks,haulinggrainintothat designingthesystemsthatIhadworkedwithallofmylife
local grain elevator(hours of waiting in line todump were onthefarm,atleastupuntilthatpoint.Irememberfinding
not much fun as a child though), cleaning out grain bins
FIGURE1 Localgrainelevatorexpansionbuiltwhentheauthorwasa FIGURE2 Farmwheretheauthorwasraised;thisprovidedconsiderable
childdthisspurredhislong-runninginterestingrainstoragestructures. experienceinproductionagriculture.
xxi
xxii Preface to the fifth edition
the 4th edition of Storage of Cereal Grains and Their eventually lead to an updated, modernized version of this
Products (edited by D.B. Sauer, 1992) in the ISU library, classic reference bookdthis version of the book.
where I found the cutting-edge information critically Aswith thepreviouseditions,thisiterationofthebook
importanttomycareer,especiallyasIstartedworkingfora has been written by a team of experts in the various
local engineering company designing grain elevators and branches of grain and grain storage issues. I charged all
feed mills (see Fig. 3). contributing authors with providing a comprehensive
Itwasn’tuntilyearslaterthatIobtainedthefirstedition overviewoftheirspecifictopicandalsotoprovidein-depth
(edited by Anderson and Alcock, 1954) of this book. It state-of-the-art scientific and technical aspects, so that this
struck methat much had evolved in terms of technologies, volume will provide comprehensive coverage of modern
equipment, and operations between the first and the fourth grain storage, preservation, and handling operations. After
editions of this bookdyet there was much that had not all, it has been almost 30years since the last version was
actually changed over the years. Our industry is like that. published. You will see that there are many chapters that
Wehavesomuchknowledgebuiltupthatweuseonaday- correspond to previous editions (e.g., moisture, drying,
to-daybasis,butmaynotthinkaboutthehistoricalcontext. aeration, insects, molds, etc.) These have all been updated
Fast forward to July 2016. I was returning from an and expanded. But we have also endeavored to provide
extendedtripthroughoutmultiple countriesinsub-Saharan new chapters that will augment the technical nature of this
Africa with a group of undergraduate students, where we work.Forexample,chaptersonengineeringdesign,storage
had just finished an experiential learning program focused in developing countries, sensors and instrumentation, as
on subsistence farming, grain storage, and food security well as safety and human interactions have been added.
issues.Also,Ihadjustfinishedmyworkonthenewedition Thisbookshouldnow bean updatedresourcefor notonly
ofKent’sTechnologyofCerealsdwhichsomeofyoumay scientists and facility operators but also engineers and de-
know focuses primarily ongrain processing topics. During signers of facilities.
my layover in the Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam, I Some of the topics have been rearranged in order to
decided to assemble a list of grain storage topics (inspired provide a better flow through the book. We have also
from my time in Malawi, Zambia, Botswana, and South subdivided the chapters into four main sections: introduc-
Africa); I began thinking about Storage of Cereal Grains tion to grain storage, design and operation of grain facil-
and Their Products, so I wrote the proposal that would ities, preservation of grains, and further considerations.
These subsections should help guide the reader to specific
topics of interest.
Ithinkthatitisimportanttoacknowledgethatthebulk
ofthewritingforthisbook,notonlymychapters,butmany
other authors as well, was undertaken and accomplished
during 2020 and 2021. None of us will soon forget the
COVID-19pandemicandthechallengesthatitbrought.To
an extent, the writing was facilitated by the pandemic and
thelockdownthatmanyofusexperienced..takingbreaks
fromwritingtomowthelawnorchangethelaundry;onthe
otherhand,writingwashinderedbyaconfluenceofvarious
events in everyone’s lives. It is important to give special
thankstotheauthorsofeachchapterforendeavoringtosee
this project through to the end. Indeed your contributions
are greatly appreciated. The pandemic was not easy to
survive, let alone thrive and accomplish a project such as
this. Thank you to all for your fortitude in this endeavor.
We did it!
So, with the pandemic (hopefully) behind us, it is
importantthatweacknowledgethatwiththepublicationof
thefirsteditionofthisbookin1954,AndersonandAlcock
instituted what would become a classic text in the cereal
grains literaturedas evidenced by five editions being pro-
duced so far. Their intent was to provide a comprehensive
review of all major aspects of cereal grain storage, preser-
vation, and handling operations, and to help improve in-
FIGURE3 Firstgrainelevatordesignedbytheauthor. dustrialoperationsandreducepostharvestlosses.Sincethat
Preface to the fifth edition xxiii
time, the grain and grain processing industries have seen shouldserveasatimelyandexpansiveresourcethatwillbe
many changes and new technologies. Even so, on a useful for students, researchers, and industrial practitioners
fundamental level, cereal grains, how they are preserved alike for years to come.
and stored, how they are handled, and even how they are
processedintovariousfood,feeds,andotherproducts,have Kurt A. Rosentrater
changed only a little over the decades. This new edition July 2021
