Steel Bridges - Conceptual and Structural Design of Steel and Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges

444 Pages·2013·28.53 MB·English

by  Manfred A.

Steel Bridges
Conceptual and Structural Design of Steel and
Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges
Jean-Paul Lebet, Manfred A. Hirt
Translated from the French by
Graham Couchman
EPFL Press
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mageba
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ZWAHLE^M*™ SA Zwahlen & Mayr
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Preface
This book is published by the EPFL Press, the English language imprint of the Presses Polytechniques et
Universitaires Romandes (PPUR). It is one of a series of 25 books, three of which concern steel construc
tion, published in French under the collective title of Traité de Génie Civil (TGC).
Volume 12 of the TGC is based on the courses given at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
in Lausanne (EPFL), on the theoretical and applied research undertaken at the Steel Structures Institute
(ICOM), and on contacts with industry. It deals with both the conceptual and structural design of steel and
composite (steel-concrete) bridges and is compatible with the basic principles and design methods devel
oped in Volume 10 of the TGC. Taken together, Volumes 10 to 12 of the TGC are useful to both students,
as support for their courses and projects, and practicing engineers searching for as deep an understanding
of the subject as possible. Their contents apply to the design of steel structures in general, and, in particular,
to industrial and administrative buildings, and bridges.
The subject of bridges is so deep and wide that it is not possible to cover all types of bridge, and their
details, in a volume such as this. Rather this book focuses primarily on beam bridges, emphasising the
basis of their conceptual design and the fundamentals that must be considered in order to assure struc
tural safety and serviceability, as well as highlighting the necessary design checks. The guidance can be
extended and applied to other types of structure. The contents of this book deal first of all, and in detail,
with road bridges, followed by chapters with specifics of railway bridges and bridges for pedestrians and
cyclists.
The book is divided into five parts. The first part is a general introduction to bridges, illustrating
specific terminology and giving a historical background for steel bridges. The second part considers the
conceptual design of the primary structural elements and construction details for both steel and com
posite steel-concrete bridges. The different phases in the elaboration of a bridge construction project are
described, with an emphasis on the qualities that a bridge should possess. In particular, this section high
lights the relevance of the choice of materials and methods of erection to the basic conceptual design. The
third part is dedicated to the analysis and design of the structural members of steel and composite bridges.
It reminds the reader first of all of the key design principles and notes the different actions to be consider
for a road bridge. It then identifies the checks that are needed to assure structural safety and serviceability.
These checks are based on the principles contained in modern codes and standards from Switzerland (SIA)
and Europe (Eurocodes). The fourth part deals with specific aspects of the conception and peculiarities
of other types of bridge such as railway bridges, bridges for pedestrians and cyclists, and arch bridges.
Particular attention is paid to consideration of the dynamic performance of bridges for pedestrians and
cyclists. A method is provided for checking this behaviour for simple structures. The final part contains a
numerical example for a composite bridge. It illustrates the important steps in the analysis and design of
the structure in order to reinforce the theory with a numerical application of the various checks.
Acknowledgements
The French version of this book was the result of substantial work undertaken by numerous personalities
linked to the Steel Structures Institute (ICOM). The authors would like to extend their warmest thanks to
all who have participated. Particular acknowledgement is given to Michel Thomann for his assistance with
the first draft of several chapters, notably those covering other types of bridge. The authors also warmly
thank Joël Raoul for reading and commenting on the first version of the work. They equally thank Marcel
Tschumi for his advice concerning the chapter dedicated to railway bridges. Their gratitude extends to
X STEEL BRIDGES
Yves Rey, Dimitrios Papastergiou, Michel Crisinel and Laurance Davaine for their advice and help con
cerning the numerical parts of the book.
The conceptual and structural design of steel and composite bridges could not be conveyed without
a clear and precise graphic presentation and attractive page layout. The authors want to sincerely thank
Claudio Leonardi for the great care he took with the preparation of the figures in this book.
Special thanks from the authors go to Graham Couchman, who accepted the mission to translate the
book and used much personal engagement and competence to do it well.
The page layout and text corrections were carried out by Anne Kummli, and the book was proofread by
Emily Lundin. Management of the production was overseen by Christophe Borlat of the PPUR. We hope
that all these people, along with the manager of the EPFL Press, Frederick Fenter, and the Director of the
PPUR, Olivier Babel, will accept our thanks for the patience, support and care they brought to preparation
and realization of this book.
Lausanne, April 2013 Jean-Paul Lebet and Manfred A. Hirt
Photographs
The authors of this work would like to thank all those who made their photographs available in order to
illustrate bridges of note.
Contents
Foreword VII
Preface IX
Contents XI
INTRODUCTION TO BRIDGES
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objectives 3
1.2 Structure and Contents 3
1.3 Reference Documents 5
1.3.1 Standards and Recommendations 5
1.3.2 Other References 6
1.4 Conventions 7
1.4.1 Terminology and Typography 7
1.4.2 Axes 7
1.4.3 Notation and Signs 8
1.4.4 Units 8
2 Bridge Description 11
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Classification Criteria for Bridges 13
2.2.1 Type of Use 13
2.2.2 Geometry 14
2.2.3 Structural Form 15
2.2.4 Type of Slab 17
2.2.5 Cross Section 18
2.2.6 Slab Position 19
2.2.7 Erection of the Steel Structure 20
2.2.8 Slab Construction 21
2.3 Structural Elements 21
2.3.1 Superstructure 22
2.3.2 Substructure 24
2.4 Other Components 25
2.4.1 Bearings 25
2.4.2 Road and Expansion Joints 26
2.4.3 Water Evacuation 27
3 History of Steel and Composite Bridges 29
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 History of Bridge Construction 31
3.3 Record Spans 42
XII STEEL BRIDGES
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF BRIDGES
4 Basis for Conceptual Design 45
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Project Elaboration 48
4.2.1 Preliminary Studies 48
4.2.2 Possible Solutions 50
4.2.3 Chosen Solution 50
4.2.4 Tender 51
4.2.5 Execution 51
4.3 Input Data for a Bridge Project 51
4.3.1 Requirements for Use 52
4.3.2 Specifics for the Bridge 53
4.3.3 Specifics for the Site 54
4.4 Design Requirements 55
4.4.1 Reliability 55
4.4.2 Robustness 56
4.4.3 Durability 57
4.4.4 Aesthetics 57
4.4.5 Economy 60
4.5 Choice of Materials and Their Properties 61
4.5.1 Steel Grade and Quality 62
4.5.2 Weldability 65
4.5.3 Thermomechanically Rolled Steels 65
4.5.4 Steels Typically Used in Bridge Construction 66
4.5.5 Corrosion Protection of Steel 67
5 Structural Forms for Bridges 73
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Load Transfer 76
5.3 Longitudinal Structural Form 78
5.3.1 Influence of Span 79
5.3.2 Plate Girder or Box Girder Beam Bridges 81
5.3.3 Truss Beam Bridges 84
5.3.4 Longitudinal Structural Form of Beam Bridges 85
5.3.5 Curvature in Plan 87
5.4 Transverse Structural Form 88
5.4.1 Plan Bracing 88
5.4.2 Transverse Structural Form of Beam Bridges 90
5.5 Types of Cross Section 90
5.5.1 Open Cross Sections 92
5.5.2 Closed Cross Sections 93
5.6 Cross Bracing 94
5.6.1 Functions of the Cross Bracing 94
5.6.2 Types of Cross Bracing 95
CONTENTS XIII
5.7 Plan Bracing 98
5.7.1 Functions of the Plan Bracing 98
5.7.2 Types of Plan Bracing 99
6 Construction Details 101
6.1 Introduction 103
6.2 Detailing of Bridges 104
6.3 Plate Girders 106
6.3.1 Weld Details 106
6.3.2 Stiffeners 109
6.4 Cross Bracing 114
6.4.1 Frame Cross Bracing 114
6.4.2 Truss Cross Bracing 117
6.4.3 Diaphragm Cross Bracing 119
6.5 Plan Bracing 119
6.6 Truss Beams 120
6.7 Orthotropic Deck 122
6.8 Other Components 124
7 Fabrication and Erection of the Steel Structure 125
7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 Fabrication in the Workshop 127
7.2.1 Receiving and Preparing the Plates 127
7.2.2 Fabrication of the Structural Elements 128
7.2.3 Welds 128
7.2.4 Corrosion Protection 128
7.3 Transportation 128
7.4 Site Assembly 129
7.5 Erection of the Steel Structure 131
7.5.1 Specifics of Steel Erection 131
7.5.2 Erection by Crane from the Ground 132
7.5.3 Cantilever Erection 134
7.5.4 Erection by Launching 137
7.5.5 Placement of the Complete Bridge or of Large Bridge Elements 144
7.6 Tolerances 145
8 Slabs of Composite Bridges 147
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Slab Design 149
8.2.1 Functions of the Slab 149
8.2.2 Typical Dimensions 150
8.3 Construction Details 151
XIV STEEL BRIDGES
8.3.1 Waterproofing and Surfacing 151
8.3.2 Edge Beams and Parapets 153
8.3.3 Slab to Steel Connection 154
8.4 Construction of the Concrete Slab 156
8.4.1 Slab Cast In-situ 156
8.4.2 Slab Launched in Stages 159
8.4.3 Precast Elements 162
8.4.4 Influence of the Slab Construction Method on the Bridge Design 164
8.4.5 Influence of the Slab Construction Method on the Pier Loads 167
8.5 Cracking of the Slab 167
8.5.1 Causes of Cracking 167
8.5.2 Effects of Concrete Hydration 168
8.5.3 Influence of the Concreting Sequence 171
8.6 Longitudinal Prestressing 174
8.6.1 Choice of Prestressing Method 174
8.6.2 Simplified Method for Calculating Prestress Losses 178
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (BEAM BRIDGES)
9 Basis of Design 181
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Bridge Life Cycle and Documentation 183
9.3 Project Elaboration 185
9.3.1 Client's Requirements 185
9.3.2 Basis of Design 186
9.3.3 Conceptual Design 188
9.3.4 Structural Analysis 188
9.3.5 Structural Design 189
9.4 Actions 191
9.5 Verification of the Serviceability Limit States (SLS) 192
9.5.1 Principles 192
9.5.2 Load Cases 192
9.5.3 Serviceability Limits 193
9.6 Verification of the Ultimate Limit States (ULS) 195
9.6.1 Principles 195
9.6.2 Load Cases 196
9.6.3 Design Resistance 197
10 Loads and Actions 199
10.1 Introduction 201
10.2 Permanent Loads and Long Term Effects 201
10.2.1 Self-weight of the Structure 201
10.2.2 Self-weight of the Non-structural Elements 202
10.2.3 Creep, Shrinkage and Prestress 203
CONTENTS XV
10.2.4 Support Settlements 203
10.2.5 Ground and Water Actions 203
10.3 Traffic Loads 204
10.3.1 Road Bridges 204
10.3.2 Other Types of Bridge 207
10.4 Climatic Actions 207
10.4.1 Wind 207
10.4.2 Temperature 208
10.4.3 Snow 210
10.5 Actions During Construction 211
10.6 Accidental Actions 211
10.6.1 Seismic Actions 211
10.6.2 Impact 215
10.7 Frictional and Restraint Forces from Bearings 219
10.7.1 Sliding or Roller Bearings 219
10.7.2 Deformable Bearings 219
11 Internal Moments and Forces in Beam Bridges 221
11.1 Introduction 223
11.2 Modelling of Beam Bridges 224
11.2.1 Structural Model 224
11.2.2 Bending Moments 227
11.2.3 Shear Force 228
11.2.4 Torsional Moments 228
11.3 Torsion 232
11.3.1 Reminder 232
11.3.2 Uniform Torsion 233
11.3.3 Non-uniform Torsion 236
11.3.4 Combined Torsion 241
11.4 Straight Bridges with a Closed Cross Section 243
11.4.1 Torsional Behaviour 243
11.4.2 Calculation of the Internal Moments and Forces 244
11.5 Straight Bridges with an Open Cross Section 244
11.5.1 Torsional Behaviour 246
11.5.2 Transverse Influence Line 246
11.5.3 Effect of Plan Bracing 254
11.5.4 Calculation of the Internal Moments and Forces 256
11.6 Skew Bridges 258
11.6.1 Effect of the Skew 258
11.6.2 Closed Cross Section 258
11.6.3 Open Cross Section 263
11.7 Curved Bridges 266
11.7.1 Effect of Curvature 266
11.7.2 Differential Equations 267