status and nutrition of zinc and iron in rice and soils of different agro-climatic zones of karnataka

322 Pages·2014·24.05 MB·English

STATUS AND NUTRITION OF ZINC AND IRON IN
RICE AND SOILS OF DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC
ZONES OF KARNATAKA

CHAKPRAM BIRENDRAJIT
PAK-8056

DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BENGALURU
2014
STATUS AND NUTRITION OF ZINC AND IRON IN
RICE AND SOILS OF DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC
ZONES OF KARNATAKA

CHAKPRAM BIRENDRAJIT
PAK-8056

Thesis submitted to the
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of

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SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

BENGALURU MAY, 2014
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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY
BENGALURU – 560 065
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This is to certify that the thesis entitled “STATUS AND NUTRITION OF
ZINC AND IRON IN RICE AND SOILS OF DIFFERENT AGROCLIMATIC
ZONES OF KARNATAKA” submitted by Mr. Chakpram Birendrajit, ID No.
PAK 8056, for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in SOIL SCIENCE
AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY to the University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bengaluru, is a record of research work done by him during the period
of his study in this University under my guidance and supervision, and the thesis
has not previously formed the basis of the award of any other degree, diploma,
associateship, fellowship or similar other titles.

Bengaluru N.B. Prakash
May, 2014 Major Advisor

Approved by:
Chairman: ________________________
(N.B. Prakash)
Members : 1. _________________________
(K. Sudhir)

2. ___________________________
(T.S. Vageesh)

3. ___________________________
(D. Vijaylakshmi)
________________________
(P.R. Suresh) 4. ___________________________
External Examiner (H.S. Surendra)
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It is always a nostalgic feeling whenever one glances back to the days of hard work,
tension and the need of the hour to excel. One would not achieve whatever he is now, without
the help, encouragement and the wishes of the near and dear ones, I owe them a lot. It is
always a difficult task expressing and putting into words the sense of gratitude I feel towards
them. I wish to remember and acknowledge all who made this thesis possible.
I am overwhelmed with heartfelt feelings of gratitude and profound indebtedness to
my mentor DDDDrrrr.... NNNN....BBBB.... PPPPrrrraaaakkkkaaaasssshhhh,,,, Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural
Chemistry, UAS, Bengaluru for his valuable inspiring guidance, constant encouragement, keen
interest and constructive criticism throughout the course of investigation without which this
work could not have been accomplished. I am humbly indebted to him for morally supporting
my crumbling spirit, boosting my confidence during crisis and infusing in me invaluable
elements of work. It was a great privilege for me to be associated with him and I find no
words to express my sincere thanks for all his kindness.
I would also like to express my profound gratitude to DDDDrrrr.... KKKK.... SSSSuuuuddddhhhhiiiirrrr, Professor and
University Head (Retd.), Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, U.A.S.,
Bengaluru and member of my Advisory committee for learned counsel, invaluable guidance and
constructive Criticism. I would express my profound gratitude to DDDDrrrr.... TTTT....SSSS.... VVVVaaaaggggeeeeeeeesssshhhh, Dean
(PGS), U.A.H.S., Shimoga and member of my Advisory Committee for his support and

motivation throughout the course of my research work. I wish to express my deep sense of
gratitude to DDDDrrrr.... DDDD.... VVVViiiijjjjaaaayyyyllllaaaakkkksssshhhhmmmmiiii,,,, Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition,
U.A.S., Bengaluru, member of my Advisory committee for the invaluable guidance and
supervision. I extend my sincere thanks to MMMMrrrr.... HHHH....SSSS.... SSSSuuuurrrreeeennnnddddrrrraaaa,,,, Associate Professor,
Department of Agricultural Statistics, Applied Mathematics & Computer Science, U.A.S.,
Bengaluru for his valuable advice and suggestions rendered as the member of my advisory
committee.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to DDDDrrrr.... VVVV.... RRRR.... RRRRaaaammmmaaaakkkkrrrriiiisssshhhhnnnnaaaa PPPPaaaarrrraaaammmmaaaa, Professor &
Head, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, Bengaluru for his
invaluable guidance, constructive criticism and constant encouragement.
I would like to place on record my utmost reverence and indebtedness to the other
faculty staff members of the Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, U.A.S.,
Bengaluru, DDDDrrrr.... CCCC....AAAA.... SSSSrrrriiiinnnniiiivvvvaaaassssaaaammmmuuuurrrrtttthhhhyyyy (University Head), DDDDrrrr.... RRRR.... CCCC.... GGGGoooowwwwddddaaaa, DDDDrrrr.... HHHH.... CCCC....
PPPPrrrraaaakkkkaaaasssshhhhaaaa, DDDDrrrr.... TTTT.... CCCC.... CCCChhhhaaaammmmeeeeggggoooowwwwddddaaaa, DDDDrrrr.... PPPP.... KKKK.... BBBBaaaassssaaaavvvvaaaarrrraaaajjjjaaaa, DDDDrrrr.... TTTT.... CCCChhhhiiiikkkkkkkkaaaarrrraaaammmmaaaappppppppaaaa and Late DDDDrrrr....
TTTT.... HHHH.... HHHHaaaannnnuuuummmmaaaannnntttthhhhaaaarrrraaaajjjjuuuu.
I am grateful to the other staff members of the Department of Soil Science &
Agricultural Chemistry, U.A.S., Bengaluru, MMMMrrrr.... DDDD.... SSSSrrrriiiinnnniiiivvvvaaaassssaaaammmmuuuurrrrtttthhhhyyyy (Senior Lab Assistant),
MMMMrrrr.... PPPPrrrraaaassssaaaannnnnnnnaaaa KKKKuuuummmmaaaarrrr, MMMMrrrr.... MMMMaaaannnnjjjjuuuunnnnaaaatttthhhh, SSSShhhhaaaarrrraaaaddddaaaammmmmmmmaaaa and other staff members for their
valuable suggestions, support and encouragement during my study period.
I express my sincere thanks to DDDDrrrr.... HHHH....EEEE.... SSSShhhhaaaasssshhhhiiiiddddhhhhaaaarrrr,,,, Professor, Department of Plant
Biotechnology, UAS, Bengaluru for providing logistic support and facilities to conduct the
PVC pipe experiment during my course of study.
I extend my humble gratitude and heartfelt profound thanks to my friend,
CCCChhhhaaaannnnddddrrrraaaasssseeeekkkkhhhhaaaarrrr NNNN. for his persistent support and encouragement and great help since the very
beginning of this research work in various aspects. I also express my sincere thanks to
Yogendra N.D., Kumar, Kusuma Patil, Raveendra, Pawan, Dr. Ananth, Tapasya Babu,
Sandhya T.S., Sandhya K, Anita, Veeru, Saqeeb, Srinivas Rao, Puneet, Prabhudev, Manuja,
Suma for their technical help, abiding interest and constant support for doing research work.
I acknowledge my sincere thanks to Raju Shetty, Naveen, Prathap, Narayanswamy,
Thulasamma, Bylamma, Radhamma and Ramegowda (Doddajala farmer) for their kindness,
affection and great help during the laboratory and field work.
I also acknowledge my Classmates Shivakumar, Anil, Yogeshapa and Ateefa M. and I
am also thankful to my juniors and senior friends of our department.
I am grateful to the Farm Manager, ARS, Ponnampet, Farm Manager, ZARS,
Mandya, Dr. Jagadeesan, Scientists, ZARS, Mandya, AO & AAO of different parts of
Karnataka for providing technical support during my survey work.
I express my gratefulness to DDDDrrrr.... HHHH.... VVVV.... NNNNaaaannnnaaaajjjjaaaappppppppaaaa, Registrar and DDDDrrrr.... CCCC.... VVVVaaaassssuuuuddddeeeevvvvaaaappppppppaaaa,,,,
DDDDeeeeaaaannnn ((((PPPPGGGGSSSS)))) UAS, Bangalore for their continuous help and support during the course of study.
I also express my sincere gratitude to the University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bengaluru, for all the facilities which made me immensely proud and honored to be a student
of this legendary and prestigious University.
On a personal note, I express my heartfelt gratitude to my best friend and now wife,
Esther Moirangthem for her constant inspiration, inordinate help and unfailing faith in me.
My diction is too poor to translate into words the deep sense of gratitude, heartfelt respect and
affection to my father and mother, my sisters and brothers-in-law and my brother for their
moral support, boundless love and building unshakable confidence in me which motivated as a
force to fulfill this long cherished ambition. The final outcome of this manuscript is due to
their supreme sacrifice, untiring help, motivation, love and affection.
Finally, I offer my heartfelt thanks to all other source of contribution that might have
inadvertently been left out.

Bengaluru (Chakpram Birendrajit)
May, 2014
Status and nutrition of zinc and iron in rice and soils of different agroclimatic
zones of Karnataka
Chakpram Birendrajit
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to study the status of Zn and Fe content in
rice genotypes and soils across different agro climatic zones (ACZ) of Karnataka
and for Zn and Fe content and its uptake in rice following soil and / foliar
application of their different sources under aerobic and wetland cultivation. The
grain and straw Zn content across 64 rice genotypes ranged from 7.8 to 51.3 mg
kg-1 and 16.6 to 284.0 mg kg-1, respectively. The grain and straw Fe content
ranged from 9.6 to 88.8 mg kg-1 and 39.7 to 437.5 mg kg-1, respectively. In
general, 36 per cent of soil samples collected representing eight ACZ were below
the critical limit of 0.6 mg kg-1 Zn in soil. All the soil samples were above the
critical limit of 4.5 mg kg-1 Fe in soil.
The Zn and Fe content and its uptake by rice grain and straw in field
experiment and grain, straw and root in PVC pipe experiment was higher in
aerobic and wetland rice cultivation, respectively. Rasi genotype recorded higher
Zn and Fe content and their uptake by grain, straw and root under both aerobic and
wetland cultivation.
Application of different sources of Zn and Fe to soil and foliar combination
recorded higher content of Zn and Fe in grain and straw compared to soil
application alone. Zn-EDTA and Fe-EDTA performed better than ZnSO and
4
FeSO based on per unit of Zn/Fe application in achieving higher Zn and Fe
4
content, respectively in grain and straw in all the experiments.

Signature of student Signature of major advisor
(Chakpram Birendrajit) (N.B. Prakash)
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
TITLE
No. No.
I INTRODUCTION 1-5
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6-42
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 43-59
IV EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 60-173
V DISCUSSION 174-236
VI SUMMARY 237-241
VII REFERENCES 242-277
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
No. No.
Brief description of different agro climatic-zones (ACZ) of
1 44
Karnataka
2 Methods of soil analysis 57
Physio-chemical properties of the experimental soil for PVC
3 58
pipe experiment
4 Physio-chemical properties of the field experimental soil 59
Geographical location, pH, EC and status of Zn and Fe content
5 61-69
of soil, grain and straw of different rice genotypes
Mean and range of soil pH, EC, Zn and Fe content of soils,
6 grain and straw of rice across different agro-climatic zones 70
(ACZ) of Karnataka
Mean and range of Zn and Fe content of grain and straw for
7 different rice genotypes across different agro-climatic zones of 76-77
Karnataka
Categorization of rice genotypes based on its Zn content in
8 82
grain and straw
Categorization of rice genotypes based on its Fe content in
9 84
grain and straw
Correlation matrix of pH, EC, Zn and Fe contents (soil, grain
10 86
and straw) for different agro-climatic zones of Karnataka
Relationship of Zn content (mg kg-1) of rice grain and straw
11 88
with soil pH and DTPA-Zn in soil
Relationship of Fe content (mg kg-1) of rice grain and straw
12 90
with soil pH and DTPA-Fe in soil
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
No. No.
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on growth parameter and
13 yield attributes under aerobic and wetland rice cultivation in 92
PVC pipe experiment.
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on yield attributes under
14 95
aerobic and wetland rice cultivation in PVC pipe experiment
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on grain and straw yield
15 (g plant-1) under aerobic and wetland rice cultivation in PVC 98
pipe experiment
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on root dry weight (g) at
16 different depths (1st and 2nd depth) under aerobic and wetland 101
rice cultivation in PVC pipe experiment
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on root dry weight (g) at
17 different depths (3rd depth) under different rice cultivation in 102
PVC pipe experiment
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on content (mg kg-1) of zinc
18 in grains and straw under aerobic and wetland rice cultivation 105
in PVC pipe experiment
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on zinc content (mg kg-1) in
19 roots under aerobic and wetland rice cultivation in PVC pipe 108
experiment
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on uptake of zinc (µg g-1) in
20 grains and straw under aerobic and wetland rice cultivation in 111
PVC pipe experiment
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on zinc uptake (µg g-1) in
21 roots under aerobic and wetland rice cultivation in PVC pipe 114
experiment
Effect of different zinc fertilizers on DTPA zinc content
22 (mg kg-1) at different depths of soil column under aerobic and 117
wetland rice cultivation in PVC pipe experiment