Statistics for Six Sigma Green Belts: with Minitab and JMP

393 Pages·2006·2.72 MB·English

by  David M. Levine

S S S
TATISTICS FOR IX IGMA
G B
REEN ELTS
M ® JMP™
WITH INITAB AND
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S
TATISTICS FOR
S S
IX IGMA
G B
REEN ELTS
M ® JMP™
WITH INITAB AND
David M. Levine
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Printed in the United States of America
First Printing
ISBN 0-13-229195-9
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Levine,David M.,1946-
Statistics for Six Sigma green belts / David M.Levine.
p.cm.
ISBN 0-13-229195-9 (hardback :alk.paper) 1. Six sigma (Quality control standard) 2. Quality control—
Statistical methods. I.Title.
TS156.L48 2006
519.5—dc22
2005034090
To my wife Marilyn
and
my daughter Sharyn
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C O N T E N T S
Acknowledgments xvii
About the Author xix
Preface xxi
1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SIX SIGMA 1
Introduction 2
1.1 What Is Six Sigma? 2
The DMAIC Model 2
1.2 Roles in a Six Sigma Organization 3
Master Black Belt 3
Black Belt 4
Green Belt 4
1.3 Statistics and Six Sigma 4
1.4 Learning Statistics for Six Sigma Using This Book 5
Summary 6
References 6
2 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 7
Introduction 8
2.1 Enumerative and Analytic Studies 8
Distinguishing Between Enumerative and Analytic Studies 9
2.2 Types of Sampling 9
Simple Random Sample 11
Stratified Sample 11
Systematic Sample 12
Cluster Sample 12
2.3 Types of Variables 13
2.4 Operational Definitions 14
Summary 14
References 15
A2.1 Introduction to Minitab Version 14 16
Minitab Overview 16
Using Minitab Worksheets 16
vii
viii CONTENTS
Opening and Saving Worksheets and Other Components 17
Printing Worksheets,Graphs,and Sessions 18
Selecting a Random Sample 19
A2.2 Introduction to JMP Version 6 20
JMP Overview 20
Using JMP Data Tables 20
Selecting a Random Sample 21
3 PRESENTING DATA IN CHARTS AND TABLES 23
Introduction 24
3.1 Graphing Attribute Data 24
The Bar Chart 24
The Pareto Diagram 25
3.2 Graphing Measurement Data 27
Histogram 27
The Dot Plot 28
The Run Chart 28
Summary 30
References 30
A3.1 Using Minitab to Construct Charts 31
Generating a Bar Chart 31
Generating a Pareto Diagram 32
Generating a Histogram 32
Generating a Dot Plot 33
Generating a Run Chart 34
A3.2 Using JMP to Construct Charts 35
Generating a Bar Chart 35
Generating a Pareto Diagram 35
Generating a Histogram 36
Generating a Run Chart 36
4 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 39
Introduction 40
4.1 Measures of Central Tendency 40
The Arithmetic Mean 40
The Median 42
The Mode 43
Quartiles 44
CONTENTS ix
4.2 Measures of Variation 46
The Range 46
The Variance and the Standard Deviation 47
4.3 The Shape of Distributions 50
Shape 50
The Five-Number Summary 52
The Box-and-Whisker Plot 53
Summary 56
References 56
A4.1 Using Minitab for Descriptive Statistics 57
Calculating Descriptive Statistics 57
Generating a Box-and-Whisker Plot 57
A4.2 Using JMP for Descriptive Statistics 58
Generating Descriptive Statistics and a Box-and-Whisker Plot 58
5 PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 59
5.1 What Is Probability? 60
5.2 Some Rules of Probability 62
5.3 The Probability Distribution 66
The Average or Expected Value of a Random Variable 68
Standard Deviation of a Random Variable (σ) 69
5.4 The Binomial Distribution 72
Characteristics of the Binomial Distribution 75
5.5 The Poisson Distribution 76
Characteristics of the Poisson Distribution 78
5.6 The Normal Distribution 78
Characteristics of the Normal Distribution 79
5.7 The Normal Probability Plot 85
Summary 86
References 87
A5.1 Using Minitab for Probability Distributions and Plots 88
Computing Binomial Probabilities 88
Computing Poisson Probabilities 88
Computing Normal Probabilities 89
Constructing a Normal Probability Plot 89
A5.2 Using JMP for Probability Distributions and Plots 91
Computing Binomial Probabilities 91
Computing Poisson Probabilities 92
Computing Normal Probabilities 92
Constructing a Normal Probability Plot 93